结直肠疾病是全球男女健康负担的一个重要问题，从急性感染到癌症均有发生。环境和遗传因素会影响多种结肠病理的发病和治疗结果。炎症在多种结肠病理的发病、进展和治疗结果中的重要性越来越受到重视，最新研究证据支持这一点。本文综述最近的研究文献，以了解遗传、饮食和肠道微生物群如何影响免疫和非免疫细胞之间的相互作用，导致多种结肠病理的炎症。具体而言，我们重点关注四种结肠疾病，其中两种与炎症有更为明确的相关性（炎症性肠病和结直肠癌），而另外两种与炎症的关系还不太清楚（结肠憩室病和肠易激综合征）。

Diseases of the colon are a big health burden in both men and women worldwide ranging from acute infection to cancer. Environmental and genetic factors influence disease onset and outcome in multiple colonic pathologies. The importance of inflammation in the onset, progression and outcome of multiple colonic pathologies is gaining more traction as the evidence from recent research is considered. In this review, we provide an update on the literature to understand how genetics, diet, and the gut microbiota influence the crosstalk between immune and non‑immune cells resulting in inflammation observed in multiple colonic pathologies. Specifically, we focus on four colonic diseases two of which have a more established association with inflammation (inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer) while the other two have a less understood relationship with inflammation (diverticular disease and irritable bowel syndrome).