石墨烯具有更广泛的生物医学应用，包括药物传递、光热肿瘤消融、生物传感器以及疾病诊断。石墨烯对环境，包括植物、生态系统和人类的意外或故意暴露逐渐增加。因此，尽管其在多个领域中具有广泛的应用，石墨烯毒性仍然是需要解决的关键问题。在这种情况下，科学界以及公众必须了解石墨烯的毒性。因此，本文回顾了关于石墨烯毒性的研究，并揭示了其在体内、体外模型以及环境中的毒性。此外，还回顾了石墨烯毒性在细菌细胞和癌细胞中的优势。©2021。作者(们)独家许可Springer Nature Switzerland AG。

Graphene possesses wider biomedical applications including drug delivery, photothermal ablation of tumors, biosensors, and also in the disease diagnosis. The accidental or intentional exposure of the environment including plants, ecosystem, and humans toward graphene is gradually increasing. Therefore, graphene toxicity becomes a critical issue to be addressed despite their diverse applications in multiple fields. In this situation, the scientific community as well as the general public must get awareness about the toxicity of graphene. This article, therefore, reviews the investigations on graphene toxicity. This review reveals the toxicity of graphene in vitro, in vivo models along with the environmental toxicity. The advantages of graphene toxicity in bacterial cells and cancer cells were also reviewed.© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.