传统的病理学诊断在微生物学技术近年来的发展中依然重要，本文旨在描述结肠感染性疾病的组织学特征。通过对结肠感染性代理的病理学和临床特征的现有报告进行回顾，虽然较现有微生物学方法来说，仅仅通过病理学诊断并不敏感，但是对致病菌的组织学鉴定仍然在患者治疗过程中发挥着重要的作用。感染性结肠炎可具有各种临床表现，从可引起潜在感染数十年的积虫感染，到丝虫梅毒，其临床症状类似于癌症或炎症性肠病。因此，将感染作为患者结肠炎的病因通过组织学鉴定具有相当大的治疗决策影响。但是，感染和其他疾病之间可能存在形态学上的重合。此外，一些感染会引起急性结肠炎之外的不同组织反应。免疫抑制患者可能无法对巨细胞病毒或腺病毒等致病菌产生炎症反应。性传播直肠炎可以引起丰富的浆细胞炎症。肠道组织播散性组织胞浆菌病更可能引起弥漫组织细胞浸润而非预期的肉芽肿形成。在某些情况下，辅助检查是有用的，但是模糊的结果可能会导致诊断上的困境。鉴于结肠感染性疾病可以表现出各种症状，病理学家应当了解感染性结肠炎的典型特征，以及超越经典形态的发现。2021年。Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH，Springer Nature的一部分。

The histopathologic diagnosis of infectious colitis remains relevant despite recent advances in microbiologic techniques.This article aims to describe the histologic features of selected infectious diseases of the colon.Existing reports on histopathologic and clinical aspects of colonic infectious agents were reviewed.While histology alone may not be as sensitive as current microbiologic methods, tissue identification of infectious agents still plays an important role in patient care. Infectious colitis can have a variety of clinical manifestations, ranging from strongyloidiasis, which can cause a smoldering, subclinical infection for decades, to syphilis, which can clinically mimic cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, the histopathologic identification of infection as the cause of a patient's colitis has a considerable impact on treatment decisions. Morphologic overlap can occur between infection and other diseases, however. Moreover, some infections can elicit various tissue responses beyond acute colitis. Immunosuppressed patients may not mount an inflammatory response to pathogens such as cytomegalovirus or adenovirus. Sexually transmitted proctocolitis can cause plasma-cell-rich inflammation. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is more likely to cause diffuse histiocyte infiltration rather than the expected granuloma formation. In some cases, ancillary tests are useful, but equivocal results can cause diagnostic dilemmas.Given the range with which colonic infectious disorders can manifest, pathologists should be aware of the typical features of infectious colitis, as well as findings beyond the classic morphologies.© 2021. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.