组织工程学 (TE) 是再生医学 (RM) 的一个分支，将干细胞和生物材料支架结合起来，创建生物组织结构，以在损伤或疾病后恢复患者的器官。在过去的十年中，新兴技术如三维生物打印，生物制造，超分子材料，诱导多能干细胞和器官样结构已进入该领域。虽然这个快速发展的领域预期具有巨大的治疗潜力，但从工作台到病床的发展面临着几个伦理和社会挑战。为了确保TE达到改善患者福利的最终目标，这些挑战应该被映射和评估。因此，我们对文献中涉及再生目的的TE发展和应用的伦理问题进行了系统综述。在PubMed，Embase，Scopus和PhilPapers中搜索，共收集到2451篇独特文章。经过系统筛选，我们的综述包括了2008年至2021年发表的237篇相关的伦理和生物医学文章。我们确定了一系列伦理问题，可分为10个主题。其中七个主题追踪从工作台到床边的发展:(1)动物实验，(2)处理人体组织，(3)知情同意，(4)治疗潜力，(5)风险和安全，(6)临床转化，和(7)社会影响。另外三个主题代表了适用于所有发展阶段的伦理保障:(8)科学诚信，(9)规管，和(10)患者和公众参与。这个综述揭示出，自2008年以来，已经涌现出了大量关于如何负责任地设计TE临床试验的文献。然而，还有几个主题需要更多的关注。这包括替代转化途径的可接受性，对社会的软影响以及关于工程组织所有权的问题。总体而言，这个领域的伦理和社会影响综述将有助于促进TE和RM新干预措施的负责任发展。它也可以作为一个有价值的资源和教育工具，为正在从事该领域的科学家、工程师和临床医生提供相关伦理考虑的综述。影响声明：据我们所知，这是第一次系统地审查组织工程学 (TE) 的伦理影响。通过收集现有学术研究并确定知识空白，本综述促进了进一步研究TE和再生医学(RM)以及其他新兴生物医学技术的伦理和社会影响。此外，它将作为一个有价值的资源和教育工具，为从事该领域的科学家、工程师和临床医生提供相关伦理考虑的综述。因此，我们的综述可以促进TE和RM新策略的成功和负责任的发展。

Tissue Engineering (TE) is a branch of Regenerative Medicine (RM) that combines stem cells and biomaterial scaffolds to create living tissue constructs to restore patients' organs after injury or disease. Over the last decade, emerging technologies such as 3D bioprinting, biofabrication, supramolecular materials, induced pluripotent stem cells, and organoids have entered the field. While this rapidly evolving field is expected to have great therapeutic potential, its development from bench to bedside presents several ethical and societal challenges. To make sure TE will reach its ultimate goal of improving patient welfare, these challenges should be mapped out and evaluated. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the ethical implications of the development and application of TE for regenerative purposes, as mentioned in the academic literature. A search query in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and PhilPapers yielded 2451 unique articles. After systematic screening, 237 relevant ethical and biomedical articles published between 2008 and 2021 were included in our review. We identified a broad range of ethical implications that could be categorized under 10 themes. Seven themes trace the development from bench to bedside: (1) animal experimentation, (2) handling human tissue, (3) informed consent, (4) therapeutic potential, (5) risk and safety, (6) clinical translation, and (7) societal impact. Three themes represent ethical safeguards relevant to all developmental phases: (8) scientific integrity, (9) regulation, and (10) patient and public involvement. This review reveals that since 2008 a significant body of literature has emerged on how to design clinical trials for TE in a responsible manner. However, several topics remain in need of more attention. These include the acceptability of alternative translational pathways outside clinical trials, soft impacts on society and questions of ownership over engineered tissues. Overall, this overview of the ethical and societal implications of the field will help promote responsible development of new interventions in TE and RM. It can also serve as a valuable resource and educational tool for scientists, engineers, and clinicians in the field by providing an overview of the ethical considerations relevant to their work. Impact statement To our knowledge, this is the first time that the ethical implications of Tissue Engineering (TE) have been reviewed systematically. By gathering existing scholarly work and identifying knowledge gaps, this review facilitates further research into the ethical and societal implications of TE and Regenerative Medicine (RM) and other emerging biomedical technologies. Moreover, it will serve as a valuable resource and educational tool for scientists, engineers, and clinicians in the field by providing an overview of the ethical considerations relevant to their work. As such, our review may promote successful and responsible development of new strategies in TE and RM.