新药开发所投入的努力常常无法转化为对癌症患者的有意义的临床治疗效益。开发更有效的抗癌治疗和精准预测其临床价值仍然是亟需满足的医学需求。固体肿瘤由不同的细胞类型和细胞外基质组成，具有复杂和异质的结构，因此三维（3D）癌症模型具有推进我们了解肿瘤生物学的巨大潜力，这方面过去一直是在刚性塑料板上培养肿瘤细胞的研究。先进的3D生物打印癌症模型具有在准确、可重复、临床可转化和稳健的方式下发现治疗靶点、开发新药和个性化抗癌治疗的潜力。这些离体癌症模型已经在取代现有的体外系统，并且在未来可能减少或甚至取代动物模型的使用。因此，深刻理解二维、三维和癌症动物模型在肿瘤发生中的差异是必要的。本综述介绍了当今最先进的3D生物打印癌症建模技术，重点关注了癌症进展和治疗反应的分子机制和蛋白质组学和基因组学签名。©2022 Springer Nature Limited.

Effort invested in the development of new drugs often fails to be translated into meaningful clinical benefits for patients with cancer. The development of more effective anticancer therapeutics and accurate prediction of their clinical merit remain urgent unmet medical needs. As solid cancers have complex and heterogeneous structures composed of different cell types and extracellular matrices, three-dimensional (3D) cancer models hold great potential for advancing our understanding of cancer biology, which has been historically investigated in tumour cell cultures on rigid plastic plates. Advanced 3D bioprinted cancer models have the potential to revolutionize the way we discover therapeutic targets, develop new drugs and personalize anticancer therapies in an accurate, reproducible, clinically translatable and robust manner. These ex vivo cancer models are already replacing existing in vitro systems and could, in the future, diminish or even replace the use of animal models. Therefore, profound understanding of the differences in tumorigenesis between 2D, 3D and animal models of cancer is essential. This Review presents the state of the art of 3D bioprinted cancer modelling, focusing on the biological processes that underlie the molecular mechanisms involved in cancer progression and treatment response as well as on proteomic and genomic signatures.© 2022. Springer Nature Limited.