研究动态
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猎人角海军造船厂 (HPNS) 的放射危险评估。

Radiological risk assessment of the Hunters Point Naval Shipyard (HPNS).

发表日期:2022 Aug
作者: Dennis J Paustenbach, Robert D Gibbons
来源: CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY

摘要:

加州旧金山的猎人角海军造船厂于1989年被美国环保局认定为超级基地,原因是由美国海军从1939年到1974年的操作导致了化学和放射性污染。在表征和治理工作中,收集了超过50,000个放射性土壤样本和19,000个空气样本。此风险评估按照联邦指南进行,代表了与该地点存在的放射性核素相关的过去、现在和未来健康风险的首次全面评估。评估表明,在现场治理之前,大多数放射性核素土壤浓度处于或接近当地的背景浓度。如果没有设立这样低的治理目标,对表面土壤的大规模治理将不必要地保护人类健康。由于放射性核素污染,现场工人和理论上的居民的治疗前寿命增加癌症发生率风险分别为1.3×10-6和3.2×10-6。对于未来现场居民的治疗后风险分别为6.3×10-8(没有耐久盖物)和3.7×10-8(有耐久盖物),而对于现场工人的治疗后风险分别为2.6×10-8(没有耐久盖物)和1.6×10-8(有耐久盖物)。所有情景的风险估计均远远低于监管机构批准的3×10-4的可接受风险。在治理过程中收集的上风和下风空气样本表明,治理活动从未对场外居民构成可测量的风险。该风险评估强调了在场地上设立明确和科学严谨的土壤治理目标以及了解当地放射性核素背景浓度的重要性。
Hunters Point Naval Shipyard in San Francisco, California was deemed a Superfund site by the USEPA in 1989 due to chemical and radiological contamination resulting from U.S. Navy operations from 1939 to 1974. During characterization and remediation efforts, over 50,000 radiological soil samples and 19,000 air samples were collected. This risk assessment, conducted in accordance with federal guidelines, represents the first comprehensive evaluation of past, present, and future health risks associated with radionuclides present at the site. The assessment indicated that before site remediation, most radionuclide soil concentrations were at or near local background concentrations. Had such low remedial goals not been established, significant remediation of surface soils would not have been necessary to protect human health. The pre-remediation lifetime incremental cancer morbidity risks for on-site workers and theoretical on-site residents due to radionuclide contamination were found to be 1.3 × 10-6 and 3.2 × 10-6, respectively. The post-remediation risks to future on-site residents were found to be 6.3 × 10-8 (without durable cover) and 3.7 × 10-8 (with durable cover), while post-remediation risks to on-site workers were found to be 2.6 × 10-8 (without durable cover) and 1.6 × 10-8 (with durable cover). Risk estimates for all scenarios were found to be significantly below the acceptable risk of 3 × 10-4 approved by regulatory agencies. Upwind and downwind air samples collected during remediation indicate that remediation activities never posed a measurable risk to off-site residents. This risk assessment emphasizes the importance of establishing clear and scientifically rigorous soil remedial goals at sites as well as understanding local radionuclide background concentrations.