免疫治疗制剂被监管机构批准后，肾细胞癌的治疗算法已经得到了革命性的改变。 然而，大量患者仍未观察到客观和持久的反应，迫切需要免疫治疗反应的预测性和预后性生物标志物。在临床实践中使用的预后模型基于临床和实验室因素（例如高钙血症，中性粒细胞计数或卡诺夫斯基表现状态），但随着分子生物学和基因组测序技术的进步，新的肾细胞癌分子特征已被强调，这可能会改善疾病进程和预后预测。在免疫肿瘤学时代，需要实施当前模型以提高预后准确性。此外，目前正在评估几种潜在的生物标志物，但目前仍无有效标志物用于选择可能从免疫治疗中受益的患者并指导治疗策略。© 2022. Springer Nature Limited.

The therapeutic algorithm of renal cell carcinoma has been revolutionized by the approval of immunotherapy agents by regulatory agencies. However, objective and durable responses are still not observed in a large number of patients, and prognostic and predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response are urgently needed. Prognostic models used in clinical practice are based on clinical and laboratory factors (such as hypercalcaemia, neutrophil count or Karnofsky Performance Status), but, with progress in molecular biology and genome sequencing techniques, new renal cell carcinoma molecular features that might improve disease course and outcomes prediction have been highlighted. An implementation of current models is needed to improve the accuracy of prognosis in the immuno-oncology era. Moreover, several potential biomarkers are currently under evaluation, but effective markers to select patients who might benefit from immunotherapy and to guide therapeutic strategies are still far from validation.© 2022. Springer Nature Limited.