雄激素剥夺疗法在晚期前列腺癌治疗中起着核心作用，通常在增加对雄激素受体信号转导机制的独立性之前引起初始肿瘤缓解，然后导致不可避免的疾病进展。迫切需要新的治疗方法，但实验室中的有望候选药物只有一小部分最终能够获得临床批准，突显了对当前临床前模型进行关键评估的需求。这些模型包括标准、基因改造和患者衍生的细胞系、球体和器官培养模型、支架和水凝胶培养、组织切片、肿瘤异种移植模型、患者源性异种移植和循环肿瘤细胞子培养模型，以及转基因和基因敲除小鼠模型。这些模型需要考虑到患者间和患者内的异质性、获取原发性或继发性耐药性、肿瘤细胞与其微环境的相互作用，以及对药物渗透、生物利用度和疗效的三维组织网络的影响，这些因素都对肿瘤的进展和耐药性产生至关重要的贡献。 ©2022 Springer Nature Limited.

Androgen deprivation therapy has a central role in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, often causing initial tumour remission before increasing independence from signal transduction mechanisms of the androgen receptor and then eventual disease progression. Novel treatment approaches are urgently needed, but only a fraction of promising drug candidates from the laboratory will eventually reach clinical approval, highlighting the demand for critical assessment of current preclinical models. Such models include standard, genetically modified and patient-derived cell lines, spheroid and organoid culture models, scaffold and hydrogel cultures, tissue slices, tumour xenograft models, patient-derived xenograft and circulating tumour cell eXplant models as well as transgenic and knockout mouse models. These models need to account for inter-patient and intra-patient heterogeneity, the acquisition of primary or secondary resistance, the interaction of tumour cells with their microenvironment, which make crucial contributions to tumour progression and resistance, as well as the effects of the 3D tissue network on drug penetration, bioavailability and efficacy.© 2022. Springer Nature Limited.