我们对糖尿病的理解是通过临床调查和模型生物和细胞系的工作的结合获益的。器官模型正在成为一个额外的工具，可以用于研究糖尿病。器官模型的应用包括研究人类胰腺细胞发育、胰腺生理学、靶器官对胰岛素等的反应以及葡萄糖毒性如何影响血管、视网膜、肾脏和神经等组织。器官模型可以从人体组织细胞或多能干细胞中衍生，并使得可以生产模拟人体器官的人体细胞组合。许多与糖尿病相关的器官模拟已经问世，但只有很少的相关研究已经进行。我们讨论了为胰腺、肝脏、肾脏、神经和血管发展的模型，以及它们如何补充其他模型，并讨论了它们的局限性。此外，由于糖尿病是一种多器官疾病，我们强调器官模型和生物工程领域的融合将会提供整合模型。 ©2023. Springer Nature有限公司。

Our understanding of diabetes mellitus has benefited from a combination of clinical investigations and work in model organisms and cell lines. Organoid models for a wide range of tissues are emerging as an additional tool enabling the study of diabetes mellitus. The applications for organoid models include studying human pancreatic cell development, pancreatic physiology, the response of target organs to pancreatic hormones and how glucose toxicity can affect tissues such as the blood vessels, retina, kidney and nerves. Organoids can be derived from human tissue cells or pluripotent stem cells and enable the production of human cell assemblies mimicking human organs. Many organ mimics relevant to diabetes mellitus are already available, but only a few relevant studies have been performed. We discuss the models that have been developed for the pancreas, liver, kidney, nerves and vasculature, how they complement other models, and their limitations. In addition, as diabetes mellitus is a multi-organ disease, we highlight how a merger between the organoid and bioengineering fields will provide integrative models.© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.