头颈鳞状细胞癌（HNSCC）预后仍然停滞不前，部分原因是对HNSCC生物学的了解不足。肿瘤异质性作为HNSCC结局和治疗失败的独立预测因子的重要性最近被明确。有了这种理解，包括患者来源的器官样本（PDO）和器官培养（OTC）在内的三维培养系统可以捕获此异质性，可能允许建立和操纵关键亚群体，例如P-EMT，以及癌细胞与微环境中的免疫和基质细胞之间的相互作用。本文回顾了使用PDO和OTC HNSCC模型所做的工作，证明这些三维培养模型能够捕获体内肿瘤异质性，并可以用于模拟肿瘤生物学和治疗反应，以忠实地重现体内特征。因此，体外三维培养模型代表了2D单层培养和患者来源的异体移植等体内模型之间的重要桥梁。版权所有 © 2023。Elsevier Ltd. 发布。

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) outcomes remain stagnant, in part due to a poor understanding of HNSCC biology. The importance of tumor heterogeneity as an independent predictor of outcomes and treatment failure in HNSCC has recently come to light. With this understanding, 3D culture systems, including patient derived organoids (PDO) and organotypic culture (OTC), that capture this heterogeneity may allow for modeling and manipulation of critical subpopulations, such as p-EMT, as well as interactions between cancer cells and immune and stromal cells in the microenvironment. Here, we review work that has been done using PDO and OTC models of HNSCC, which demonstrates that these 3D culture models capture in vivo tumor heterogeneity and can be used to model tumor biology and treatment response in a way that faithfully recapitulates in vivo characteristics. As such, in vitro 3D culture models represent an important bridge between 2D monolayer culture and in vivo models such as patient derived xenografts.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.