细胞外囊泡（EVs）作为细胞间通讯和分子转移的一种方式，引发多样的生物/功能反应。越来越多的证据表明，来自免疫，肿瘤，基质细胞甚至细菌和寄生虫的EVs介导了各种免疫细胞类型的通讯，以动态调节宿主免疫反应。EVs具有天生的逃避识别，运输和向靶细胞转移功能组分的能力，并在免疫系统中被清除，其中EVs的免疫活性影响免疫调节，包括抗原呈递和跨穿，免疫活化，免疫抑制和免疫监视，影响肿瘤免疫微环境。在本文中，我们概述了EVs在免疫识别和癌症治疗干预方面的最新进展，包括疫苗和靶向药物传递，并总结了它们在临床转化方面的效用。我们重点介绍了EVs（天然和工程）被用作免疫原性，肿瘤杀伤功能和疫苗开发的治疗方法，称为免疫EVs。随着开创性研究在工程EVs作为治疗抗肿瘤平台方面取得显著进展，现在需要直接评估以调节和提高所产生的免疫反应的效力 - 这对于它们的转化为临床所必需的。我们相信这样一篇综述可以加强我们对EV免疫生物学进展的了解，并促进工程EVs用于开发新型EV免疫治疗作为癌症治疗平台的进步。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Ltd.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as a mode of intercellular communication and molecular transfer to elicit diverse biological/functional response. Accumulating evidence has highlighted that EVs from immune, tumour, stromal cells and even bacteria and parasites mediate the communication of various immune cell types to dynamically regulate host immune response. EVs have an innate capacity to evade recognition, transport and transfer functional components to target cells, with subsequent removal by the immune system, where the immunological activities of EVs impact immunoregulation including modulation of antigen presentation and cross-dressing, immune activation, immune suppression, and immune surveillance, impacting the tumour immune microenvironment. In this review, we outline the recent progress of EVs in immunorecognition and therapeutic intervention in cancer, including vaccine and targeted drug delivery and summarise their utility towards clinical translation. We highlight the strategies where EVs (natural and engineered) are being employed as a therapeutic approach for immunogenicity, tumoricidal function, and vaccine development, termed immuno-EVs. With seminal studies providing significant progress in the sequential development of engineered EVs as therapeutic anti-tumour platforms, we now require direct assessment to tune and improve the efficacy of resulting immune responses - essential in their translation into the clinic. We believe such a review could strengthen our understanding of the progress in EV immunobiology and facilitate advances in engineering EVs for the development of novel EV-based immunotherapeutics as a platform for cancer treatment.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.