将免疫检查点阻断疗法（ICB）与标准化疗结合使用已被证明可以改善晚期小细胞肺癌患者的存活率。然而，这种受益很有限，需寻求创新性治疗方案以增强免疫治疗在该疾病早期和晚期的有效性。电离辐射是小细胞肺癌标准治疗方法之一，已知它能在肿瘤细胞中触发免疫原性细胞死亡，因此在多种实体肿瘤类型中，电离辐射成为ICB疗法的理想伴侣。然而，最佳的放射剂量和分数规划、放疗靶区、以及ICB治疗与放疗的顺序仍不清楚。本综述涵盖了放射治疗诱导肿瘤免疫、以及临床前和临床研究中将放疗与ICB治疗结合使用的分子生物学、翻译和临床试验等方面，重点关注小细胞肺癌的转化和临床试验。Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The addition of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy to standard chemotherapy has been shown to improve survival in patients with metastatic small cell lung cancer. However, the benefit is modest and there remains an unmet need for novel therapeutic approaches to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy in this disease, both in the early and late stages. Ionizing radiation, which is a standard treatment for small cell lung cancer, is known to trigger immunogenic cell death in tumor cells, making it an attractive partner for ICB therapies in multiple solid tumor types. However, the optimal radiation dosage and fractionation scheme, target sites for radiation, and sequencing of radiation in relation to ICB treatment are still unclear. In this review we discuss the molecular biology underlying radiation-induced tumor immunity as well as pre-clinical and clinical studies combining radiation with ICB treatments, with a focus on translational and clinical trials in small cell lung cancer.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.