严重急性呼吸综合症冠状病毒2型 (SARS-CoV-2) 是冠状病毒病2019 (COVID-19) 的病原体。在不到三年的时间里，全球估计有6亿多例SARS-CoV-2感染病例，导致了在经济和卫生领域特别是巨大的影响的大流行病。最初认为COVID-19是一种呼吸疾病，但其长期后遗症（长期COVID）实际上是一种全身性疾病。神经症状如痴呆或脑病在大流行期间早期报告为急性期的伴随症状和长期COVID的特征。过度炎症免疫反应被假设在这种情况下发挥了重要作用。然而，直接感染神经细胞也可能对COVID-19的神经方面造成贡献。为了主要探索SARS-CoV-2对中枢神经系统的直接效应，人类脑器官样品提供了一个有用的平台。感染这些三维组织培养可以研究病毒神经病毒性以及病毒对单个细胞甚至器官样品内的复杂细胞网络的影响。在本综述中，我们总结了使用感染SARS-CoV-2的人类大脑器官样品进行实验研究，以揭示（长期）COVID-19相关神经系统表现的复杂性。 ©2023作者。由约翰威立出版社出版的医学病毒学评论。

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In less than three years, an estimated 600 million infections with SARS-CoV-2 occurred worldwide, resulting in a pandemic with tremendous impact especially on economic and health sectors. Initially considered a respiratory disease, COVID-19, along with its long-term sequelae (long-COVID) rather is a systemic disease. Neurological symptoms like dementia or encephalopathy were reported early during the pandemic as concomitants of the acute phase and as characteristics of long-COVID. An excessive inflammatory immune response is hypothesized to play a major role in this context. However, direct infection of neural cells may also contribute to the neurological aspects of (long)-COVID-19. To mainly explore such direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the central nervous system, human brain organoids provide a useful platform. Infecting these three-dimensional tissue cultures allows the study of viral neurotropism as well as of virus-induced effects on single cells or even the complex cellular network within the organoid. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies that used SARS-CoV-2-infected human brain organoids to unravel the complex nature of (long)-COVID-19-related neurological manifestations.© 2023 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.