肠道微生物群曾被视为有益于消化的共生生物，但最近的研究揭示出微生物组在生理和病理免疫系统中都担任着关键作用。肠道微生物群的成分会被环境因素如饮食、卫生等因素改变，这种变化会对免疫细胞（尤其是T细胞）产生影响。微生物组研究中的先进基因组技术识别出特定微生物能够调节T细胞反应及免疫介导性疾病的发病机制。本文回顾特定微生物与T细胞的相互作用，讨论了微生物与癌症、自身免疫性疾病和过敏炎症等疾病的免疫发病学关系，同时探讨当前实验动物模型存在的局限性、尖端发展和该领域的挑战以及在新药开发中考虑肠道微生物群的可能性。 ©作者（们）。

Gut microbiota was only considered as a commensal organism that aids in digestion, but recent studies revealed that the microbiome play a critical role in both physiological and pathological immune system. The gut microbiome composition is altered by environmental factors such as diet and hygiene, and the alteration affects immune cells, especially T cells. Advanced genomic techniques in microbiome research defined that specific microbes regulate T cell responses and the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders. Here, we review features of specific microbes-T cell crosstalk and relationship between the microbes and immunopathogenesis of diseases including in cancers, autoimmune disorders and allergic inflammations. We also discuss the limitations of current experimental animal models, cutting-edge developments and current challenges to overcome in the field, and the possibility of considering gut microbiome in the development of new drug.© The author(s).