个体化医疗根据个人情况量身定制治疗、疾病预防和健康维护，药物基因组学作为一种关键工具可以提高治疗效果，预防不良反应。基因组学的进步已经将药物基因组学，传统上只关注单一基因和药物配对，转变为一种跨越所有“组学”领域（如蛋白组学、转录组学、代谢组学和微生物组学）的药物基因组学。本综述概述了与转化为治疗有关的基本基因组学原则，评估药物基因组学在汇聚个性化医疗各种元素中的核心作用。我们讨论了药物代谢酶、药物转运体和受体等药物基因的遗传变异、其作为生物标志物的临床相关性以及药物基因组学几十年研究的遗产。所有类型的治疗，包括蛋白质、核酸、病毒、细胞、基因和辐照都可以从基因组学中受益，扩大了药物基因组学在医学中的作用。涉及生物标志物的个性化治疗的FDA批准正在快速增加，展示了药物基因组学不断增长的影响力。分子靶向癌症治疗作为所有治疗方法的指导灯，强调了药物发现和临床应用的趋势。为了考虑人类复杂性，包括遗传、个人和环境因素的多组分生物标志物组合可以指导诊断和治疗，越来越多地涉及人工智能来应对极端数据复杂性。然而，临床应用面临着重重障碍，如未知的跨族群有效性，卫生保健中的基础偏见和现实验证。本综述将讨论与药物基因组学和个性化医疗相关的基础科学和技术，结合经济、道德和监管问题，提供对医疗保健现状和未来方向的见解。重要声明个体化医疗旨在利用预测性生物标志物优化个体患者的医疗保健，药物基因组学推动了生物标志物的发现并指导了有针对性的治疗方案的开发。本综述讨论了药物基因组学的基本原则和当前趋势，大规模数据库加速了医疗进步。在临床护理、伦理、经济和监管事务的背景下，讨论了药物基因组学的影响以及阻碍广泛临床实施的障碍。版权所有©2023年美国药理学与实验治疗学会。

Personalized medicine tailors therapies, disease prevention, and health maintenance to the individual, with pharmacogenomics serving as a key tool to improve outcomes and prevent adverse effects. Advances in genomics have transformed pharmacogenetics, traditionally focused on single gene-drug pairs, into pharmacogenomics, encompassing all 'omics' fields, e.g., proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and metagenomics. This review summarizes basic genomics principles relevant to translation into therapies, assessing pharmacogenomics' central role in converging diverse elements of personalized medicine. We discuss genetic variations in pharmacogenes (drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and receptors), their clinical relevance as biomarkers, and the legacy of decades of research in pharmacogenetics. All types of therapies, including proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, cells, genes, and irradiation, can benefit from genomics, expanding the role of pharmacogenomics across medicine. FDA approvals of personalized therapeutics involving biomarkers increase rapidly, demonstrating the growing impact of pharmacogenomics. A beacon for all therapeutic approaches, molecularly targeted cancer therapies highlight trends in drug discovery and clinical applications. To account for human complexity, multi-component biomarker panels encompassing genetic, personal, and environmental factors can guide diagnosis and therapies, increasingly involving artificial intelligence to cope with extreme data complexities. However, clinical application encounters substantial hurdles, such as unknown validity across ethnic groups, underlying bias in health care, and real-world validation. This review will address the underlying science and technologies germane to pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine, integrated with economic, ethical, and regulatory issues - providing insights into the current status and future direction of health care. Significance Statement Personalized medicine aims to optimize health care for the individual patients with use of predictive biomarkers to improve outcomes and prevent adverse effects. Pharmacogenomics drives biomarker discovery and guides the development of targeted therapeutics. This review addresses basic principles and current trends in pharmacogenomics, with large-scale data repositories accelerating medical advances. The impact of pharmacogenomics is discussed, along with hurdles impeding broad clinical implementation, in the context of clinical care, ethics, economics, and regulatory affairs.Copyright © 2023 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.