自然化合物由于其具有抗氧化和抗炎作用而被广泛用于预防和治疗各种疾病。作为一种有前途的自然化合物，植物来源的类外泌体纳米粒子（PELNs）可以从各种可食用植物（包括蔬菜、食品和水果）的多囊体中提取，并主要调节细胞免疫应答来抵御病原体的攻击。此外，PELNs可以显著地干预炎性和抗炎作用之间的动态平衡，有助于维持细胞免疫微环境的稳态。由于其广泛的来源、成本效益和易于获取性，PELNs可能作为动物来源类外泌体（ADEs）的更好选择。PELNs可以通过将来自植物细胞的各种货物（如蛋白质、脂质和核酸）转移至哺乳动物细胞，从而介导种间通信。本文概述了外泌体的生物发生、组成和分类、PELNs的常见分离、纯化和表征方法、PELNs相比ADEs的潜在优势、以及PELNs在包括结肠炎、癌症和与炎症相关的代谢性疾病等多种疾病中的抗炎和免疫调节功能。此外，还讨论了PELNs的未来展望以及与其临床应用相关的挑战。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Ltd.

Natural compounds are widely used to prevent and treat various diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. As a kind of promising natural compound, plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PELNs) are extracted from multivesicular bodies of various edible plants, including vegetables, foods, and fruits, and mainly regulate the cellular immune response to pathogen attacks. Moreover, PELNs could remarkably interfere with the dynamic imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, facilitating to maintain the homeostasis of cellular immune microenvironment. PELNs may serve as a better alternative to animal-derived exosomes (ADEs) owing to their widespread sources, cost-effectiveness, and easy accessibility. PELNs can mediate interspecies communication by transferring various cargoes such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids from plant cells to mammalian cells. This review summarizes the biogenesis, composition, and classification of exosomes; the common separation, purification, and characterization methods of PELNs, the potential advantages of PELNs over ADEs; and the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions of PELNs in various diseases including colitis, cancer, and inflammation-associated metabolic diseases. Additionally, the future perspectives of PELNs and the challenges associated with their clinical application are discussed.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.