营养基因组学描述了营养物质与我们的基因间的相互作用关系。自我们人类的起源以来，大多数这类营养物质和基因之间的通讯通路并未发生改变。然而，过去五万年间我们的基因受到了许多进化压力的影响，这是由于受到地理和气候环境的迁移、从狩猎采集到农耕生产，包括许多致病微生物的人畜共患病传播以及最近时期社会生活方式转变成偏好久坐、以西式饮食为主导所带来的。人类种群对这些挑战的应对不仅表现在特定的人体形态适应，如皮肤颜色和身材，还表现在不同的膳食摄入和对代谢综合症、癌症和免疫性疾病等复杂疾病的不同抵抗能力。这种适应过程的基因基础已经通过全基因组基因分型和测序研究，包括从古代骨骼提取的DNA进行了研究。除了基因组的变化，生命早期的表观遗传学编程在响应环境变化方面也具有重要的贡献。因此，理解我们个体的(epi)基因组变异与复杂疾病风险的相关性，有助于了解我们为什么如何患病的进化基础。本文将讨论营养、现代环境和我们的(epi)基因组关系，包括氧化还原生物学的方面。这对于解释疾病风险及其预防方面具有无数的影响。 版权所有 © 2023作者。Elsevier B.V.保留所有权利。

Nutrigenomics describes the interaction between nutrients and our genome. Since the origin of our species most of these nutrient-gene communication pathways have not changed. However, our genome experienced over the past 50,000 years a number of evolutionary pressures, which are based on the migration to new environments concerning geography and climate, the transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers including the zoonotic transfer of many pathogenic microbes and the rather recent change of societies to a preferentially sedentary lifestyle and the dominance of Western diet. Human populations responded to these challenges not only by specific anthropometric adaptations, such as skin color and body stature, but also through diversity in dietary intake and different resistance to complex diseases like the metabolic syndrome, cancer and immune disorders. The genetic basis of this adaptation process has been investigated by whole genome genotyping and sequencing including that of DNA extracted from ancient bones. In addition to genomic changes, also the programming of epigenomes in pre- and postnatal phases of life has an important contribution to the response to environmental changes. Thus, insight into the variation of our (epi)genome in the context of our individual's risk for developing complex diseases, helps to understand the evolutionary basis how and why we become ill. This review will discuss the relation of diet, modern environment and our (epi)genome including aspects of redox biology. This has numerous implications for the interpretation of the risks for disease and their prevention.Copyright © 2023 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.