肝细胞癌(HCC)是最常见的肝癌。它高度致命且易复发。HCC患者的死亡主要是由于肿瘤进展、复发、转移和化疗耐药性所致。癌干细胞(CSCs)是肿瘤内部细胞亚群，可以促进侵袭、复发、转移和药物耐受性。肝星状细胞(HSCs)是肿瘤微环境(TME)的重要组成部分，在肝损伤和炎症期间负责原始分泌的ECM蛋白。这些细胞促进纤维化，渗透到肿瘤基质中，并促进HCC的发展。HSC和CSC之间以及它们的微环境相互作用通过不同机制促进癌变。本综述概述了CSC和HSC在建立原发性肝肿瘤的TME中的作用，并描述了它们在HCC化疗耐药性中的参与。

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer. It is highly lethal and has high recurrence. Death among HCC patients occur mainly due to tumor progression, recurrence, metastasis, and chemoresistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cell subpopulations within the tumor that promote invasion, recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) responsible for primary secretory ECM proteins during liver injury and inflammation. These cells promote fibrogenesis, infiltrate the tumor stroma, and contribute to HCC development. Interactions between HSC and CSC and their microenvironment help promote carcinogenesis through different mechanisms. This review summarizes the roles of CSCs and HSCs in establishing the TME in primary liver tumors and describes their involvement in HCC chemoresistance.