放射治疗在恶性盆腔肿瘤的治疗中起着至关重要的作用，其中膀胱是放疗中涉及的一个重要风险器官。由于膀胱在盆腔中央位置，对其壁进行高剂量的电离辐射不可避免，这将导致放射性膀胱炎(RC)。放射性膀胱炎将导致多种并发症(例如，尿频、尿急和夜尿症)，可能会显著降低患者的生活质量，在非常严重的情况下甚至危及生命。为此，本文回顾了1990年1月至2021年12月之间有关放射性膀胱炎的病理生理学、预防和治疗的研究，并以PubMed作为主要搜索引擎。除了回顾的研究外，也包括对这些研究的引用。本文分别介绍了放射性膀胱炎的症状和临床常用的分级评分体系。接下来，总结了关于预防和治疗放射性膀胱炎的临床前和临床研究，并提供了目前可用的预防和治疗策略的概述，作为医生的指南。治疗选项包括对症治疗、血管介入治疗、手术、高压氧疗法(HBOT)、膀胱冲洗和电凝治疗。预防包括填充膀胱以将其从辐射场中移走，并根据螺旋调强放疗和CT引导的3D腔内放射治疗技术进行放疗。

Radiotherapy plays a vital role as a treatment for malignant pelvic tumors, in which the bladder represents a significant organ at risk involved during tumor radiotherapy. Exposing the bladder wall to high doses of ionizing radiation is unavoidable and will lead to radiation cystitis (RC) because of its central position in the pelvic cavity. Radiation cystitis will result in several complications (e.g. frequent micturition, urgent urination, and nocturia) that can significantly reduce the patient's quality of life and in very severe cases become life-threatening.Existing studies on the pathophysiology, prevention, and management of radiation-induced cystitis from January 1990 to December 2021 were reviewed. PubMed was used as the main search engine. Besides the reviewed studies, citations to those studies were also included.In this review, the symptoms of radiation cystitis and the mainstream grading scales employed in clinical situations are presented. Next, preclinical and clinical research on preventing and treating radiation cystitis are summarized, and an overview of currently available prevention and treatment strategies as guidelines for clinicians is provided. Treatment options involve symptomatic treatment, vascular interventional therapy, surgery, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), bladder irrigation, and electrocoagulation. Prevention includes filling up the bladder to remove it from the radiation field and delivering radiation based on helical tomotherapy and CT-guided 3D intracavitary brachytherapy techniques.