肺癌（LC）是全球死于癌症的主要原因，主要是由于至今缺乏筛查计划。虽然戒烟在LC初级预防中起着至关重要的作用，但对于高风险人群的低剂量计算机断层扫描（LDCT）筛查的几项试验显示出肺癌相关死亡率显著降低。大多数试验在选择标准、比较组、检测结节方法、筛查时间和间隔以及复诊期有异质性。目前在欧洲以及全球活跃的LC筛查计划将导致更多早期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）的诊断。新的药物最近已从转移性治疗转移到围手术期设定，通过诱导化疗免疫疗法，靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂，提高了切除率和病理学反应以及疾病无缘无故幸存率。本综述总结了关于LC筛查的可用证据，强调了潜在问题和益处，并从多学科的角度强调了对NSCLC诊断治疗路径的影响。未来的展望包括正在评估的循环生物标志物用于患者风险分层，以及围手术期最近临床试验结果和正在进行的研究的焦点。版权所有©2023作者。由Elsevier Ltd.发表。保留所有权利。

Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, mostly because the lack of a screening program so far. Although smoking cessation has a central role in LC primary prevention, several trials on LC screening through low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in a high risk population showed a significant reduction of LC related mortality. Most trials showed heterogeneity in terms of selection criteria, comparator arm, detection nodule method, timing and intervals of screening and duration of the follow-up. LC screening programs currently active in Europe as well as around the world will lead to a higher number of early-stage Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) at the diagnosis. Innovative drugs have been recently transposed from the metastatic to the perioperative setting, leading to improvements in terms of resection rates and pathological responses after induction chemoimmunotherapy, and disease free survival with targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The present review summarizes available evidence about LC screening, highlighting potential pitfalls and benefits and underlining the impact on the diagnostic therapeutic pathway of NSCLC from a multidisciplinary perspective. Future perspectives in terms of circulating biomarkers under evaluation for patients' risk stratification as well as a focus on recent clinical trials results and ongoing studies in the perioperative setting will be also presented.Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.