线粒体是细胞内的亚细胞器，参与了细胞的基本功能，包括细胞内钙调节、细胞凋亡和活性氧产生。它们是重要的生化途径的场所，包括三羧酸循环、尿素生成循环或血红素合成的部分。线粒体通过氧化磷酸化系统生产大部分细胞中的ATP，因此是ATP的主要来源。线粒体功能障碍与代谢性疾病如糖尿病、肥胖症、高血压、神经退行性疾病、细胞衰老和癌症有关。本文描述了代谢疾病（糖尿病、肥胖症和心血管疾病）的病理生理变化和线粒体作用，以及它们与氧化应激的相关性。我们还突出了在mtDNA水平上发现的遗传变化。此外，我们选择了几种参与氧化应激的代表性生物标志物，并总结了治疗策略的进展。

Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in essential cellular functions, including cytosolic calcium regulation, cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production. They are the site of important biochemical pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, parts of the ureagenesis cycle, or haem synthesis. Mitochondria are responsible for the majority of cellular ATP production through OXPHOS. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with metabolic pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, cellular aging, and cancer. In this article, we describe the pathophysiological changes in, and mitochondrial role of, metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease) and their correlation with oxidative stress. We highlight the genetic changes identified at the mtDNA level. Additionally, we selected several representative biomarkers involved in oxidative stress and summarize the progress of therapeutic strategies.