纳米级荧光发射体在测量生物分子相互作用方面具有高效性，但需要大数值孔径物镜、荧光间歇和由全向发射导致的光子收集效率低的限制，因此其单元观察的应用实用性受限。光子晶体（PC）结构有望解决荧光增强中上述挑战。在本综述中，我们通过解释它们的结构、设计策略、制备技术和感应原理，提供了光子晶体的广泛概述。此外，我们还讨论了最近应用新兴技术的PC增强荧光生物传感器，包括核酸传感、蛋白质检测和类固醇监测。最后，我们讨论了PC增强荧光所面临的当前挑战，并展望了光子 - 前浆物理耦合增强荧光和它们在生物和环境相关分析物监测以及点对点生物传感方面的前景。该综述介绍了PC在荧光光谱学的广泛领域中的跨学科应用，包括光子 - 前浆物理、生命科学研究、材料化学、癌症诊断和物联网等广泛应用。

Nanoscale fluorescence emitters are efficient for measuring biomolecular interactions, but their utility for applications requiring single-unit observations is constrained by the need for large numerical aperture objectives, fluorescence intermittency, and poor photon collection efficiency resulting from omnidirectional emission. Photonic crystal (PC) structures hold promise to address the aforementioned challenges in fluorescence enhancement. In this review, we provide a broad overview of PCs by explaining their structures, design strategies, fabrication techniques, and sensing principles. Furthermore, we discuss recent applications of PC-enhanced fluorescence-based biosensors incorporated with emerging technologies, including nucleic acids sensing, protein detection, and steroid monitoring. Finally, we discuss current challenges associated with PC-enhanced fluorescence and provide an outlook for fluorescence enhancement with photonic-plasmonics coupling and their promise for point-of-care biosensing as well monitoring analytes of biological and environmental relevance. The review presents the transdisciplinary applications of PCs in the broad arena of fluorescence spectroscopy with broad applications in photo-plasmonics, life science research, materials chemistry, cancer diagnostics, and internet of things.