放疗是治疗癌症的最常用的治疗方案之一。在过去的十年里，质子疗法（PT）已经成为一种先进的放疗（RT）类型，它使用质子束而不是传统的光子放疗。由于产生的布拉格峰的物理特性，PT和碳离子束疗法（CIBT）都显示出优秀的治疗结果，并且已经在全球的医疗中心用于癌症治疗。尽管粒子疗法通过减少肿瘤后对正常组织的辐射损伤显示出明显的优势，但它们仍会在肿瘤之前对正常组织造成损伤。由于物理机制与粒子治疗和光子放疗不同，因此人们正在努力通过将纳米材料与粒子疗法结合使用来改善这些影响，以提高肿瘤的放疗效果。金属纳米颗粒（MNPs）展现出许多独特的特性，比如强的X射线吸收截面和催化活性，因此它们被视为放疗的纳米增强剂（NREs）。在这篇评论中，我们系统地总结了NRE诱导的粒子疗法中放射性增强作用的潜在机制，并介绍了在体外和体内模型中的实验结果。我们还讨论了将基于金属的纳米增强剂用于粒子治疗的临床实践的潜力，包括SPION、Abraxane、AGuIX和NBTXR3等几种基于金属的NREs的例子。此外，我们还介绍了未来NREs用于PT临床翻译的挑战和发展，并提出了一种路线图来推进未来的研究，以加强粒子治疗和纳米医学之间的相互作用。

Radiotherapy is one of the most common therapeutic regimens for cancer treatment. Over the past decade, proton therapy (PT) has emerged as an advanced type of radiotherapy (RT) that uses proton beams instead of conventional photon RT. Both PT and carbon-ion beam therapy (CIBT) exhibit excellent therapeutic results because of the physical characteristics of the resulting Bragg peaks, which has been exploited for cancer treatment in medical centers worldwide. Although particle therapies show significant advantages to photon RT by minimizing the radiation damage to normal tissue after the tumors, they still cause damage to normal tissue before the tumor. Since the physical mechanisms are different from particle therapy and photon RT, efforts have been made to ameliorate these effects by combining nanomaterials and particle therapies to improve tumor targeting by concentrating the radiation effects. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) exhibit many unique properties, such as strong X-ray absorption cross-sections and catalytic activity, and they are considered nano-radioenhancers (NREs) for RT. In this review, we systematically summarize the putative mechanisms involved in NRE-induced radioenhancement in particle therapy and the experimental results in in vitro and in vivo models. We also discuss the potential of translating preclinical metal-based NP-enhanced particle therapy studies into clinical practice using examples of several metal-based NREs, such as SPION, Abraxane, AGuIX, and NBTXR3. Furthermore, the future challenges and development of NREs for PT are presented for clinical translation. Finally, we propose a roadmap to pursue future studies to strengthen the interplay of particle therapy and nanomedicine.