癌症是第二种最危及人类生命的疾病，已经成为全球范围内的健康和经济问题。由于癌症的多因素性质，其发病机制至今尚未完全了解，这使得治疗变得困难。目前用于癌症治疗的疗法由于药物耐药性的出现和治疗所带来的有毒副作用而缺乏疗效。因此，寻找更加有效且毒副作用更小的癌症治疗策略仍然是当前研究的前沿。蜂胶是一种混合的树脂化合物，其中含有蜜蜂蜡和来自植物叶子和芽部分消化的渗出物。其化学组成因蜜蜂品种、地理位置、植物品种和天气条件而异。自古以来，蜂胶因其具有愈合作用而被广泛用于许多病症和不适。蜂胶具有明显的治疗作用，包括抗氧化、抗微生物、抗炎和抗癌作用。近年来，大量的体外和体内研究表明蜂胶对多种癌症具有作用。本综述重点介绍了蜂胶抗癌活性涉及的分子靶点和信号通路方面的最新进展。蜂胶主要通过抑制癌细胞增殖、通过调节多种信号途径诱导细胞凋亡和阻滞肿瘤细胞周期、诱导自噬、表观遗传修饰以及抑制肿瘤的侵袭和转移来发挥抗癌作用。蜂胶的作用靶点包括p53、β-catenin、ERK1/2、MAPK和NF-κB介导的多条癌症治疗通路。本综述还讨论了蜂胶与现有化疗药物联合治疗的可能协同作用。总体而言，蜂胶通过同时作用于多种机制，可以被视为是一种具有前途且多靶点、多通路的抗癌药物，可用于治疗各种类型的癌症。

Cancer is the second most life-threatening disease and has become a global health and economic problem worldwide. Due to the multifactorial nature of cancer, its pathophysiology is not completely understood so far, which makes it hard to treat. The current therapeutic strategies for cancer lack the efficacy due to the emergence of drug resistance and the toxic side effects associated with the treatment. Therefore, the search for more efficient and less toxic cancer treatment strategies is still at the forefront of current research. Propolis is a mixture of resinous compounds containing beeswax and partially digested exudates from plants leaves and buds. Its chemical composition varies widely depending on the bee species, geographic location, plant species, and weather conditions. Since ancient times, propolis has been used in many conditions and aliments for its healing properties. Propolis has well-known therapeutic actions including antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In recent years, extensive in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that propolis possesses properties against several types of cancers. The present review highlights the recent progress made on the molecular targets and signaling pathways involved in the anticancer activities of propolis. Propolis exerts anticancer effects primarily by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis through regulating various signaling pathways and arresting the tumor cell cycle, inducing autophagy, epigenetic modulations, and further inhibiting the invasion and metastasis of tumors. Propolis targets numerous signaling pathways associated with cancer therapy, including pathways mediated by p53, β-catenin, ERK1/2, MAPK, and NF-κB. Possible synergistic actions of a combination therapy of propolis with existing chemotherapies are also discussed in this review. Overall, propolis, by acting on diverse mechanisms simultaneously, can be considered to be a promising, multi-targeting, multi-pathways anticancer agent for the treatment of various types of cancers.