化疗药物最重要的局限性是严重的副作用和多药耐药的发展。近年来，免疫治疗在几种晚期恶性肿瘤的治疗中取得的临床成功已经彻底改变了治疗方式，但大多数患者没有反应，许多人还会出现免疫相关的不良事件。在纳米载体中加载不同抗肿瘤药物的协同组合可能会增强它们的疗效并减少危及生命的毒性作用。因此，纳米医学可能会与药理学、免疫学和物理联合治疗协同作用，并逐渐融入多模式联合治疗方案中。本文的目的是提供更好的理解和关键考虑因素，以开发新的联合纳米药物和纳米疗法学。我们将阐明联合纳米医学策略的潜力，这些策略旨在针对肿瘤生长的不同阶段以及其微环境和免疫相互作用。此外，我们将描述动物模型中的相关实验，并讨论在人类环境中进行转化所引起的问题。

The most important limitations of chemotherapeutic agents are severe side effects and the development of multi-drug resistance. Recently, the clinical successes achieved with immunotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of several advanced-stage malignancies, but most patients do not respond and many of them develop immune-related adverse events. Loading synergistic combinations of different anti-tumor drugs in nanocarriers may enhance their efficacy and reduce life-threatening toxicities. Thereafter, nanomedicines may synergize with pharmacological, immunological, and physical combined treatments, and should be increasingly integrated in multimodal combination therapy regimens. The goal of this manuscript is to provide better understanding and key considerations for developing new combined nanomedicines and nanotheranostics. We will clarify the potential of combined nanomedicine strategies that are designed to target different steps of the cancer growth as well as its microenvironment and immunity interactions. Moreover, we will describe relevant experiments in animal models and discuss issues raised by translation in the human setting.