骨再生是一个包含多个阶段的全面过程，不同的生长因子（GFs）在整个过程中起着至关重要的作用。GFs目前被广泛用于临床中促进骨修复，然而GFs的直接应用往往受到它们快速降解和短暂的局部残留时间的限制。此外，GFs很昂贵，使用可能带来异位成骨和潜在肿瘤形成的风险。纳米材料最近表现出在提供GFs用于骨再生方面极大的潜力，因为它们可以保护易碎的GFs和控制它们的释放。此外，功能性纳米材料可以直接激活内源性GFs，调节再生过程。本综述总结了使用纳米材料递送外源性GFs和激活内源性GFs以促进骨再生的最新进展。我们还讨论了用纳米材料和GFs在骨再生中的协同应用的潜力，以及需要解决的挑战和未来方向。

Bone regeneration is a comprehensive process that involves different stages, and various growth factors (GFs) play crucial roles in the entire process. GFs are currently widely used in clinical settings to promote bone repair; however, the direct application of GFs is often limited by their fast degradation and short local residual time. Additionally, GFs are expensive, and their use may carry risks of ectopic osteogenesis and potential tumor formation. Nanomaterials have recently shown great promise in delivering GFs for bone regeneration, as they can protect fragile GFs and control their release. Moreover, functional nanomaterials can directly activate endogenous GFs, modulating the regeneration process. This review provides a summary of the latest advances in using nanomaterials to deliver exogenous GFs and activate endogenous GFs to promote bone regeneration. We also discuss the potential for synergistic applications of nanomaterials and GFs in bone regeneration, along with the challenges and future directions that need to be addressed.