泌尿系统癌症在神经疾病患者的诊断和治疗上可能会存在挑战。因此，关于这些患者发生泌尿系统癌症的患病率和风险因素仍存在不确定性。本研究的目的是回顾现有证据，了解神经病患者发生泌尿系统癌症病例的发生率，以提供未来建议和研究的基础。我们通过搜索截至2019年6月的Medline和Scopus数据库的文献进行故事叙述性文献回顾。在筛选了1729篇文献后，得到了30篇回顾性研究，并发现21篇涉及膀胱癌（BC），其中包括673663例患者，其中4744例患有BC（女性1265例，男性3214例，265例未报告性别）。在这群患者中，2514例患有与神经系统疾病相关的BC。在前列腺癌（PC）方面，我们发现了14篇文章，其中包括831889名男性。这些患者中，有67543例被诊断为PC，其中1457例同时患有神经系统疾病和PC。有两篇文章报告了肾癌，一篇报告了睾丸癌，没有文章描述神经病患者的阴茎癌或上尿路的泌尿上皮癌。尽管神经疾病患者发生泌尿系统癌症的发病率已经接近一般人群，但由于研究的稀缺性，我们仍缺乏特定的管理建议。因此我们的研究报道了神经病患者泌尿道癌症的发病率。我们得出结论，在神经病患者中，尤其是膀胱癌和前列腺癌的发生率与一般人群相似。

Urological cancers can be challenging in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with neurological diseases. As a result, there are still uncertainties regarding the incidence and risk factors favouring the development of urological cancers in these patients. The aim of this study was to review the available evidence regarding the incidence for the development of urological cancers in neurological patients to provide a basis for future recommendations and research.A narrative review of the literature in Medline and Scopus up to June 2019 was performed.After screening 1729 records, 30 retrospective studies were retained. For bladder cancer (BC), 21 articles were identified, including a total of 673,663 patients. Among these patients, 4744 had a diagnosis of BC (1265 females, 3214 males, gender not reported in 265). In this group, 2514 were diagnosed with BC associated with a neurological disease. For prostate cancer (PC), 14 articles were identified, including a total of 831,889 men. Among these patients, 67,543 had a diagnosis of PC and 1457 had PC and a neurological disease. Two articles reported kidney cancer (KC), one reported testicular cancer (TC) and none described penile cancer or urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract in neurological patients.The incidence of urological cancers, especially BC and PC, in patients with neurological diseases appears comparable to the general population. However due to the paucity of studies, specific recommendations for the management are lacking in neurologically disabled patients. In this report we investigated the frequency of urinary tract cancers in patients with neurological diseases. We conclude that urological cancers, especially bladder and prostate cancer, in patients with neurological diseases occur with similar frequency as in the general population.