肠道微生物群由多个微生物物种组成，有助于维持肝肠平衡并在消化和营养吸收以及宿主免疫反应中发挥重要作用。在本文中，我们分析了微生物群对胆管癌（CCA）患者手术候选者的影响。通过文献回顾，找到实证证据支持改变的微生物组成（失调）与CCA发展有关。例如，幽门螺杆菌、肝螺旋杆菌和旋毛虫增加CCA的风险。在CCA的胆汁微生物群中，最丰富的属包括肠球菌、链球菌、拟杆菌、克雷伯氏菌和金字塔杆菌。此外，Bacteroides，Geobacillus，Meiothermus和Anoxybacillus属的水平显著更高。还观察到CCA肿瘤组织中Bifidobacteriaceae，Enterobacteriaceae和Enterococcaceae家族的富集。肠道微生物群与腹部手术后的结果有关。在肝癌或CCA中使用卡路里限制饮食与化疗联合使用，可以增强化疗治疗效果。根据每个患者的需要正确使用营养素进行微生物调节可能成为联合手术和化疗的治疗工具，以减轻副作用并改善预后。需要进一步研究以充分了解它们之间的相关机制。 ©2023年，作者（S）独家授权Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany，Springer Nature的一部分。

The gut microbiota, composed by several species of microorganisms, works to preserve the liver-gut homeostasis and plays an important role during digestion and absorption of nutrients, and in the immune response of the host. In this review, we analyzed the influence of microbiota in patients with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) who were candidates for elective surgery.A literature review was conducted to identify papers that provided empiric evidence to support that the altered microbiota composition (dysbiosis) is related also to CCA development.Bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter hepaticus, and Opisthorchis viverrini increase the risk of CCA. The most abundant genera were Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Bacteroides, Klebsiella, and Pyramidobacter in CCA's biliary microbiota. Additionally, levels of Bacteroides, Geobacillus, Meiothermus, and Anoxybacillus genera were significantly higher. An enrichment of Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Enterococcaceae families has also been observed in CCA tumor tissue. Microbiota is related to postoperative outcomes in abdominal surgery. The combination of caloric restriction diets in liver cancer or CCA increases the effect of the chemotherapy treatment.The correct use of nutrition for microbiota modulation according to each patient's needs could be a therapeutic tool in combination with elective surgery and chemotherapy to diminish side effects and improve prognosis. Further investigations are needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which they are related.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.