癌症的特点是细胞的不受控制分裂导致肿瘤形成。肿瘤微环境（TME）包括存在于异质性细胞外基质（ECM）中各种类型的细胞。由于空间限制，当前用于模拟这种微环境的二维培养方法依然有限。近年来已经开发了多种不同类型的三维癌症模型，包括球体/器官体、生物材料支架和癌症仿生芯片系统。然而，这些模型无法精确控制多种细胞类型在复杂结构内的组织。生物打印技术可以将基质和癌细胞组成的三维结构纳入构建中，生成这种复杂疾病的自定义模型。 3D 生物打印技术可以生成复杂、多细胞和可重复的结构，其中基质组成和刚度在局部上都是针对肿瘤量身定制的。这些能力使 3D 生物打印成为复制体内发现的肿瘤 TME 的一种有吸引力的方法。生物材料基生物墨水的最新进展使得可以生成准确模拟肿瘤微环境的 3D 生物打印癌症模型。在本文中，我们讨论了最近的一些 3D 生物打印癌症模型的例子，包括肺、前列腺、皮肤、大脑和结肠等部位的模型。我们还强调了与其他体外建模技术相比使用 3D 生物打印的优势，并详细说明了其局限性。

Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells, resulting in the formation of tumors. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a variety of cell types present within a heterogeneous extracellular matrix (ECM). Current 2D culture methods for mimicking this microenvironment remain limited due to spatial constraints. Many different types of 3D cancer models have been developed in recent years using spheroids/organoids, biomaterial scaffolds, and cancer-on-chip systems. However, these models cannot precisely control the organization of multiple cell types inside of complex architectures. Bioprinted cancer models can incorporate both stromal and cancer cells inside of 3D constructs to generate custom models of this complex disease. 3D bioprinting can generate complex, multicellular, and reproducible constructs where the matrix composition and rigidity are tailored locally to the tumor. These capabilities make 3D bioprinting an attractive method for reproducing the tumor TME found in vivo. Recent advancements in biomaterial-based bioinks enable the generation of 3D bioprinted cancer models that accurately mimic the TM. Here we discuss recent examples of such 3D-bioprinted cancer models, including those of the lungs, prostate, skin, brain, and colon. We then highlight the advantages of using 3D bioprinting compared to other in vitro modeling techniques and detail its limitations.