线粒体损伤在许多疾病的病理学中发挥着至关重要的作用，如癌症、神经退行性疾病、衰老、代谢性疾病和许多类型的器官损伤。然而，在不同细胞或器官中线粒体功能的调节机制仍不清楚，并且急需有效的治疗方法来减轻线粒体损伤。细胞外囊泡（EVs）是细胞源性纳米囊泡，可以在细胞或器官之间传递生物活性载体。有趣的是，最近的证据表明，某些EV亚群富含不同的线粒体成分，并且这样的mitoEVs可以传递线粒体组分以影响不同条件下受体细胞的功能，这已成为该领域的热门话题。但是，这个事件的总体概览和许多关键问题仍然难以捉摸。在本综述中，我们提供了mitoEVs生物学的全球视角，并主要关注详细的分类机制、功能性线粒体成分以及mitoEVs的多样化生物学效应。我们还讨论了mitoEVs在不同疾病中的致病或治疗作用，并强调它们作为临床翻译中的疾病生物标志物或治疗的潜力。本综述将提供各种线粒体损伤相关疾病的病理学和药物开发的见解。©2023由Wiley Periodicals，LLC代表国际细胞外囊泡学会出版的细胞外囊泡杂志发布。

Mitochondrial damage plays vital roles in the pathology of many diseases, such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, metabolic diseases and many types of organ injury. However, the regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial functions among different cells or organs in vivo is still unclear, and efficient therapies for attenuating mitochondrial damage are urgently needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanovesicles that can deliver bioactive cargoes among cells or organs. Interestingly, recent evidence shows that diverse mitochondrial contents are enriched in certain EV subpopulations, and such mitoEVs can deliver mitochondrial components to affect the functions of recipient cells under different conditions, which has emerged as a hot topic in this field. However, the overview and many essential questions with respect to this event remain elusive. In this review, we provide a global view of mitoEVs biology and mainly focus on the detailed sorting mechanisms, functional mitochondrial contents, and diverse biological effects of mitoEVs. We also discuss the pathogenic or therapeutic roles of mitoEVs in different diseases and highlight their potential as disease biomarkers or therapies in clinical translation. This review will provide insights into the pathology and drug development for various mitochondrial injury-related diseases.© 2023 The Authors. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.