肠道微生物群迅速成为“癌症标志物”之一，并成为癌症免疫治疗的重要贡献者。菌群组成与免疫检查点抑制剂反应和毒性之间的关系已由宏基因组学研究证实，而小鼠实验证明了微生物群修饰与免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)之间的协同效应，为转化研究铺平了道路。臭氧杆菌復始困难者粪菌移植(FMT)是治疗Clostridioides difficile患者的最有效方法之一，但其在其他疾病背景下的效用受到了限制。尽管如此，初次试验中FMT与ICIs的结合的有希望的数据为该策略作为一种新的治疗途径提供了强有力的临床基础。除了有关通过FMT可能传播的新兴病原体的安全性考虑外，要在肿瘤学中验证FMT作为治疗选项，还有其他挑战必须克服。在本综述中，我们将探讨在其他专业中从FMT中学到的经验如何帮助塑造FMT在免疫肿瘤学领域的设计和发展。Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The gut microbiota has rapidly emerged as one of the "hallmarks of cancers" and a key contributor to cancer immunotherapy. Metagenomics profiling has established the link between microbiota compositions and immune checkpoint inhibitors response and toxicity, while murine experiments demonstrating the synergistic benefits of microbiota modification with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) pave a clear path for translation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is one of the most effective treatments for patients with Clostridioides difficile, but its utility in other disease contexts has been limited. Nonetheless, promising data from the first trials combining FMT with ICIs have provided strong clinical rationale to pursue this strategy as a novel therapeutic avenue. In addition to the safety considerations surrounding new and emerging pathogens potentially transmissible by FMT, several other challenges must be overcome in order to validate the use of FMT as a therapeutic option in oncology. In this review, we will explore how the lessons learned from FMT in other specialties will help shape the design and development of FMT in the immuno-oncology arena.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.