人体骨骼可遭受各种伤害，如骨折、骨癌等，这导致了使用先进生物材料进行骨替换的研究活动的开展。然而，设计具有诱骨剂的生物支架以再生骨缺损仍然具有挑战性。在这方面，MAX 相和 MXene（早期过渡金属碳化物和/或氮化物）因其独特的亲水性、生物相容性、化学稳定性和光热性质而受到了显着关注。它们可以作为常见生物材料（聚合物、生物玻璃、金属或羟基磷灰石）的合适替代品或增强材料用于骨组织工程。为了制造生物支架，添加制造技术具有前景，因为它可以控制多孔性并创建具有高分辨率的复杂形状。到目前为止，尚未发表一篇全面总结由添加制造制造的以 MAX 相和 MXene 加强的骨支架的现有最新技术的文章。因此，本文讨论了使用骨支架的原因以及选择最适合的材料的重要性。我们批判性地讨论了使用 MAX 相和 MXene 进行骨组织工程和再生医学的最新发展，特别强调制造、机械性能和生物相容性。最后，我们讨论了使用 MAX 相和 MXene 加强的生物支架存在的挑战和瓶颈，以及从中获得未来潜力。Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V.版权所有。

Human bones can suffer from various injuries, such as fractures, bone cancer, among others, which has initiated research activities towards bone replacement using advanced bio-materials. However, it is still challenging to design bio-scaffolds with bone-inducing agents to regenerate bone defects. In this regard, MAX-phases and MXenes (early transition metal carbides and/or nitrides) have gained notable attention due to their unique hydrophilicity, bio-compatibility, chemical stability, and photothermal properties. They can be used in bone tissue engineering as a suitable replacement or reinforcement for common bio-materials (polymers, bio-glasses, metals, or hydroxyapatite). To fabricate bio-scaffolds, additive manufacturing is prospective due to the possibility of controlling porosity and creating complex shapes with high resolution. Until now, no comprehensive article summarizing the existing state-of-the-art related to bone scaffolds reinforced by MAX-phases and MXenes fabricated by additive manufacturing has been published. Therefore, our article addresses the reasons for using bone scaffolds and the importance of choosing the most suitable material. We critically discuss the recent developments in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine using MAX-phases and MXenes with a particular emphasis on manufacturing, mechanical properties, and bio-compatibility. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and bottlenecks of bio-scaffolds reinforced by MAX-phases and MXenes before deriving their future potential.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.