弱的、非电离电磁场治疗包括FDA所批准的肿瘤治疗场（TTFields），用于脑胶质母细胞瘤的辅助治疗。体外数据和动物模型表明TTFields影响多样，特别是从直接肿瘤杀伤、放射治疗或化疗增敏、抑制转移扩散及免疫刺激等效应。提出了各种不同的分子机制，如细胞质分裂期间细胞组分的介电泳、干扰有丝分裂的纺锤体形成及穿孔质膜等。然而，对于电磁场的感知预设分子结构——电压门控离子通道的电压传感器却被忽略了。本综述文章简要概述了离子通道电压传感的作用模式。此外，它将介绍特定鱼类器官通过其中的电压门控离子通道感知超弱电场。最后，本文总结了各种外部电磁场协议调节离子通道功能的已发表数据。综合这些数据，可以强有力地证明离子通道的电压门控作为介导电和生物之间转化的传感器，因此电压门控离子通道是电疗的主要靶点。Copyright © 2023 Abed，Ganser，Eckert，Stransky和Huber。

Therapies with weak, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields comprise FDA-approved treatments such as Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) that are used for adjuvant therapy of glioblastoma. In vitro data and animal models suggest a variety of biological TTFields effects. In particular, effects ranging from direct tumoricidal, radio- or chemotherapy-sensitizing, metastatic spread-inhibiting, up to immunostimulation have been described. Diverse underlying molecular mechanisms, such as dielectrophoresis of cellular compounds during cytokinesis, disturbing the formation of the spindle apparatus during mitosis, and perforating the plasma membrane have been proposed. Little attention, however, has been paid to molecular structures that are predestinated to percept electromagnetic fields-the voltage sensors of voltage-gated ion channels. The present review article briefly summarizes the mode of action of voltage sensing by ion channels. Moreover, it introduces into the perception of ultra-weak electric fields by specific organs of fishes with voltage-gated ion channels as key functional units therein. Finally, this article provides an overview of the published data on modulation of ion channel function by diverse external electromagnetic field protocols. Combined, these data strongly point to a function of voltage-gated ion channels as transducers between electricity and biology and, hence, to voltage-gated ion channels as primary targets of electrotherapy.Copyright © 2023 Abed, Ganser, Eckert, Stransky and Huber.