由于缺乏明显的早期症状和特定的生物标记物，大多数肝细胞癌（HCC）患者通常在晚期被诊断，从而使治疗失效和无用。因此，早期识别肿瘤前病变和早期阶段对于改善患者预后尤为重要。近年来，随着对细胞外囊泡（EV）多种载体及其在调节免疫反应和肿瘤进展中的多种作用的积累知识，对EV越来越感兴趣。借助高通量技术的快速发展，包括基因组/转录组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学/脂质组学在内的多种组学已被广泛整合以分析EV的作用。对多组学数据的综合分析将为新生物标志物的发现和治疗靶点的识别提供有用的见解。在这里，我们回顾了多组学分析在发现EV在HCC早期诊断和免疫治疗中的潜在作用方面的取得。版权所有© 2023卢璐，李恩华，李洁，张永春，石睿，冯婷婷，高翔和余晔。

Due to the lack of distinct early symptoms and specific biomarkers, most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are usually diagnosed at advanced stages, rendering the treatment ineffective and useless. Therefore, recognition of the malady at precancerous lesions and early stages is particularly important for improving patient outcomes. The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been growing in recent years with the accumulating knowledge of their multiple cargoes and related multipotent roles in the modulation of immune response and tumor progression. By virtue of the rapid advancement of high-throughput techniques, multiple omics, including genomics/transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics/lipidomics, have been widely integrated to analyze the role of EVs. Comprehensive analysis of multi-omics data will provide useful insights for discovery of new biomarkers and identification of therapeutic targets. Here, we review the attainment of multi-omics analysis to the finding of the potential role of EVs in early diagnosis and the immunotherapy in HCC.Copyright © 2023 Lu, Li, Li, Zhang, Shi, Feng, Gao and Yu.