最近揭示和进一步表征了菌群组成对免疫细胞功能的影响。菌群失调可以导致免疫细胞的功能改变，包括对恶性肿瘤和免疫疗法治疗所需的固有和适应性免疫反应。菌群失调可能会导致某些菌种产生的代谢物分泌发生改变或消失，例如短链脂肪酸（SCFAs），据信会影响适当的免疫细胞功能。肿瘤微环境（TME）内的这种变化可能会显著影响T细胞功能和存活，这对于消除癌细胞至关重要。了解这些影响对于提高免疫系统抗击恶性肿瘤的能力以及依赖于T细胞的免疫治疗的后续功效至关重要。在本文中，我们评估了对恶性肿瘤的典型T细胞反应，对菌群和特定代谢物对T细胞的已知影响进行分类，讨论了菌群失调如何影响它们在TME中的功能，然后进一步描述了菌群对基于T细胞的免疫疗法治疗的影响，并重点介绍了该领域的最新发展。了解菌群失调对T细胞在肿瘤微环境中的功能的影响，对于设计免疫治疗方案和进一步理解可能影响免疫系统抗击恶性肿瘤的因素具有重要意义。版权所有©2023 DiPalma和Blattman。

Insights into the effect of the microbiome's composition on immune cell function have recently been discerned and further characterized. Microbiome dysbiosis can result in functional alterations across immune cells, including those required for innate and adaptive immune responses to malignancies and immunotherapy treatment. Dysbiosis can yield changes in or elimination of metabolite secretions, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), from certain bacterial species that are believed to impact proper immune cell function. Such alterations within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can significantly affect T cell function and survival necessary for eliminating cancerous cells. Understanding these effects is essential to improve the immune system's ability to fight malignancies and the subsequent efficacy of immunotherapies that rely on T cells. In this review, we assess typical T cell response to malignancies, classify the known impact of the microbiome and particular metabolites on T cells, discuss how dysbiosis can affect their function in the TME then further describe the impact of the microbiome on T cell-based immunotherapy treatment, with an emphasis on recent developments in the field. Understanding the impact of dysbiosis on T cell function within the TME can carry substantial implications for the design of immunotherapy treatments and further our understanding of factors that could impact how the immune system combats malignancies.Copyright © 2023 DiPalma and Blattman.