凋亡通常被称为程序化细胞死亡，是许多物种用来维持组织稳态的机制。导致细胞死亡的过程很复杂，因为它需要激活半胱氨酸蛋白酶。根据多项研究，纳米线具有重要的医学益处，可以通过粘附癌细胞、摧毁它们并利用震动、热和药物递送三重攻击来杀死整个细胞以触发凋亡。污水排放和工业、肥料和有机废物分解可能在环境中产生高水平的化学物质，这可能会干扰细胞周期并激活凋亡。本文的目的是全面总结当前关于凋亡的证据。当前的综述讨论了诸如在凋亡过程中发生的形态和生化改变以及导致细胞死亡的各种机制，包括内在（或线粒体）、外在（或死亡受体）和内在内质网途径。癌症发展中凋亡的减少是由（i）促凋亡蛋白和抗凋亡蛋白之间的不平衡，如B细胞淋巴瘤-2（BCL2）家族蛋白、肿瘤蛋白53和凋亡抑制蛋白等，（ii）半胱氨酸蛋白酶活性的降低和（iii）受损的死亡受体信号转导介导的。本文在阐述纳米线在诱导凋亡和针对癌细胞递送靶向药物方面的功能方面做得很好。综合编制了纳米线合成用于诱导癌细胞凋亡的相关性的全面摘要。 © 2023作者，根据Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland的独家许可，是Springer Nature的一部分。

Apoptosis, often known as programmed cell death is a mechanism used by numerous species to maintain tissue homeostasis. The process leading to cell death is complicated because it requires the stimulation of caspases. According to several studies, nanowires have important medical benefits, can kill cells by adhering to cancer cells, destroying them, and killing the entire cell using a triple attack that integrates vibration, heat, and drug delivery to trigger apoptosis. The sewage effluents and industrial, fertilizer and organic wastes decomposition can produce elevated levels of chemicals in the environment which may interrupt the cell cycle and activate apoptosis. The purpose of this review is to give a thorough summary of the evidence that is currently available on apoptosis. Current review discussed topics like the morphological and biochemical alterations that occur during apoptosis, as well as the various mechanisms that cause cell death, including the intrinsic (or mitochondrial), extrinsic (or death receptor), and intrinsic endoplasmic reticulum pathway. The apoptosis reduction in cancer development is mediated by (i) an imbalance between pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, such as members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) family of proteins, tumour protein 53 and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, (ii) a reduction in caspase activity, and (iii) impaired death receptor signalling. This review does an excellent task of outlining the function of nanowires in both apoptosis induction and targeted drug delivery for cancer cells. A comprehensive summary of the relevance of nanowires synthesised for the purpose of inducing apoptosis in cancer cells has been compiled collectively.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.