细胞因子风暴综合征（CSSs）是潜在致命的高炎症状态，具有持久的免疫细胞活化和未受抑制的细胞因子产生的基础。CSSs可以通过免疫源性遗传错误（例如家族性血吞噬细胞淋巴组织细胞增多症）确定，或因感染，慢性炎症性疾病（例如Still病）或恶性肿瘤（例如T细胞淋巴瘤）的并发症而产生。激活免疫系统的治疗干预，如嵌合抗原受体T细胞治疗和免疫检查点抑制，在癌症治疗中也可能触发CSSs。本综述探讨了不同类型CSSs的生物学，讨论了免疫途径的参与和宿主遗传贡献的当前知识。审查了动物模型用于研究CSSs，并讨论了它们与人类疾病的相关性。最后，重点讨论了针对免疫细胞和细胞因子的干预措施来治疗CSSs。版权所有©2023年美国免疫学家协会。

Cytokine storm syndromes (CSSs) are potentially fatal hyperinflammatory states that share the underpinnings of persistent immune cell activation and uninhibited cytokine production. CSSs can be genetically determined by inborn errors of immunity (i.e., familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis) or develop as a complication of infections, chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., Still disease), or malignancies (e.g., T cell lymphoma). Therapeutic interventions that activate the immune system such as chimeric Ag receptor T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibition can also trigger CSSs in the setting of cancer treatment. In this review, the biology of different types of CSSs is explored, and the current knowledge on the involvement of immune pathways and the contribution of host genetics is discussed. The use of animal models to study CSSs is reviewed, and their relevance for human diseases is discussed. Lastly, treatment approaches for CSSs are discussed with a focus on interventions that target immune cells and cytokines.Copyright © 2023 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc.