量子点（QDs）是零维纳米材料，具有优良的物理和化学性质，在环境科学和生物医学领域得到广泛应用。因此，QDs有可能通过迁移和生物富集效应对环境产生毒性，并进入生物体内。本综述旨在基于最近可获得的数据，对不同生物体中QDs的不良影响进行全面系统分析。按照PRISMA指南，本研究在PubMed数据库中按预设关键词搜索，并根据包含和排除标准包括212个研究。首次利用CiteSpace软件分析了所包括文献的关键词，寻找以往研究的突破点，并总结了QDs的分类、表征和用量。然后对QDs在生态系统中的环境命运进行了分析，并全面总结了个体、系统、细胞、亚细胞和分子水平的毒性结果。在环境中迁移和降解后，水生植物、细菌、真菌以及无脊椎动物和脊椎动物发现遭受了由QDs引起的毒性影响。除了系统影响外，多个动物模型中证实了靶向于特定器官的内在QDs的毒性，包括呼吸系统、心血管系统、肝肾系统、神经系统和免疫系统。此外，QDs可被细胞吞噬并干扰内部器官，导致细胞炎症和死亡，包括自噬、凋亡、坏死、低温烧灼和亚铁死亡。最近，已应用一些创新技术，如器官样本，在QDs的风险评估中进行干预，以促进预防QDs的毒性。本综述不仅旨在更新从环境命运到风险评估的QDs生物效应的研究进展，而且通过跨学科的方式克服了现有纳米材料基本毒性综述的局限性，并为更好地应用QDs提供了新的洞见。版权所有©2023 Elsevier B.V.发表。

Quantum dots (QDs) are zero-dimension nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties, which have been widely used in environmental science and biomedicine. Therefore, QDs are potential to cause toxicity to the environment and enter organisms through migration and bioenrichment effects. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis on the adverse effects of QDs in different organisms based on recently available data. Following PRISMA guidelines, this study searched PubMed database according to the pre-set keywords, and included 212 studies according to the inclusion and elimination criteria. CiteSpace software was firstly used to analyze the keywords of included literatures, search for breaking points of former studies, and summarize the classification, characterization and dosage of QDs. The environment fate of QDs in the ecosystems were then analyzed, followed with comprehensively summarized toxicity outcomes at individual, system, cell, subcellular and molecular levels. After migration and degradation in the environment, aquatic plants, bacteria, fungi as well as invertebrates and vertebrates have been found to be suffered from toxic effects caused by QDs. Aside from systemic effects, toxicity of intrinsic QDs targeting to specific organs, including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, hepatorenal system, nervous system and immune system were confirmed in multiple animal models. Moreover, QDs could be taken up by cells and disturb the organelles, which resulted in cellular inflammation and cell death, including autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Recently, several innovative technologies, like organoids have been applied in the risk assessment of QDs to promote the surgical interventions of preventing QDs' toxicity. This review not only aimed at updating the research progress on the biological effects of QDs from environmental fate to risk assessment, but also overcame the limitations of available reviews on basic toxicity of nanomaterials by interdisciplinarity and provided new insights for better applications of QDs.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.