由于缺乏更安全、更有效的治疗方法，癌症仍然是世界范围内的主要死因。从新抗原开发的癌症疫苗是促进抗癌免疫反应的新兴策略。糖组学和糖蛋白组学的进步揭示了几个癌症特异性的糖基签名，这对提高有效的癌症糖基疫苗的潜力有着巨大的作用。然而，肿瘤的免疫抑制性质是疫苗免疫治疗的一个主要障碍。肿瘤相关的糖基的化学修饰、连接具有免疫原性的载体和与有力的免疫佐剂联合使用是应对这一瓶颈的新兴策略。此外，新型疫苗载体已经优化，以增强对原本免疫原性差的癌症表位的免疫反应。纳米载体已经显示出在淋巴结和肿瘤中对抗原呈递细胞（APCs）具有更高的亲和力，同时减少治疗毒性。利用APCs识别的糖基的设计进一步增强了抗原负荷的传递，提高了糖基疫苗诱导先天性和获得性免疫反应的能力。这些解决方案有望减少肿瘤负担，并产生免疫记忆。基于这一理由，我们提供了新兴癌症糖基疫苗的全面概述，强调纳米技术在这种情况下的潜力。我们还提供了一份向临床实施的路线图，展望了基于糖基的免疫调节癌症医学的进展。版权所有©2023 Elsevier Inc.

Cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to the lack of safer and more effective therapies. Cancer vaccines developed from neoantigens are an emerging strategy to promote protective and therapeutic anti-cancer immune responses. Advances in glycomics and glycoproteomics have unveiled several cancer-specific glycosignatures, holding tremendous potential to foster effective cancer glycovaccines. However, the immunosuppressive nature of tumours poses a major obstacle to vaccine-based immunotherapy. Chemical modification of tumour associated glycans, conjugation with immunogenic carriers and administration in combination with potent immune adjuvants constitute emerging strategies to address this bottleneck. Moreover, novel vaccine vehicles have been optimized to enhance immune responses against otherwise poorly immunogenic cancer epitopes. Nanovehicles have shown increased affinity for antigen presenting cells (APCs) in lymph nodes and tumours, while reducing treatment toxicity. Designs exploiting glycans recognized by APCs have further enhanced the delivery of antigenic payloads, improving glycovaccine's capacity to elicit innate and acquired immune responses. These solutions show potential to reduce tumour burden, while generating immunological memory. Building on this rationale, we provide a comprehensive overview on emerging cancer glycovaccines, emphasizing the potential of nanotechnology in this context. A roadmap towards clinical implementation is also delivered foreseeing advances in glycan-based immunomodulatory cancer medicine.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc.