个体层面上，膀胱癌很可能是由于多次、长时间接触到一个或多个已知的膀胱致癌物质所造成的，其中一些是日常生活中地方性的或不可避免的，除此之外也与宿主因素有关。这篇小型综述重点介绍与膀胱癌风险较高有关的接触情况、总结了每种关联的证据，以及建议在个体和人群层面上降低风险的策略。患者摘要：吸烟、饮食、环境或工作中特定化学物质的暴露、尿路感染以及某些药物可能会增加您患膀胱癌的风险。版权所有©2023年欧洲泌尿外科协会，由Elsevier B.V.出版。保留所有权利。

Bladder cancer at an individual level is likely to be the consequence of repeated, long-term exposure to one or more known bladder carcinogens, some of which are endemic or unavoidable in daily life, in addition to host factors. This Mini-Review highlights exposures that are associated with higher risk of bladder cancer, summarizes the evidence for each association, and suggests strategies to decrease risk at both individual and population levels. PATIENT SUMMARY: Tobacco smoking, exposure to certain chemicals in your diet, environment, or workplace, urinary infections, and certain medications can increase your risk of bladder cancer.Copyright © 2023 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.