肝纤维化可能是治疗肝癌的最后希望，而重塑肝脏微环境已成为促进消除肝纤维化的策略。近年来，特别是随着纳米医学的快速发展，肝脏微环境疗法在与肝癌和纤维化有关的研究中得到广泛研究。在本综述中，我们总结了基于纳米疗法的肝脏微环境重塑的最新进展。首先，我们讨论了由肝窦内皮细胞（LSECs）毛细管化和巨噬细胞极化引起的免疫抑制调节的新策略。此外，代谢重编程和细胞外基质（ECM）沉积是由于肝星状细胞（HSCs）的激活所致。此外，我们还总结了最近有关ROS、缺氧和受损的血管重塑以及由ECM沉积引起的肝纤维化微环境的最新进展。最后，在此综述中讨论了基于相关信号的新兴纳米治疗方法。我们提出了一些新颖的策略，如针对抗原呈递细胞（APCs）的工程纳米治疗或直接针对肝纤维化免疫治疗中的T细胞。总之，本综述阐明了药物靶向和纳米医学中的机会以及当前需要解决的挑战。©2023年。作者（S）。

Liver fibrosis could be the last hope for treating liver cancer and remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment has emerged as a strategy to promote the ablation of liver fibrosis. In recent years, especially with the rapid development of nanomedicine, hepatic microenvironment therapy has been widely researched in studies concerning liver cancer and fibrosis. In this comprehensive review, we summarized recent advances in nano therapy-based remodeling of the hepatic microenvironment. Firstly, we discussed novel strategies for regulatory immune suppression caused by capillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and macrophage polarization. Furthermore, metabolic reprogramming and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition are caused by the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, recent advances in ROS, hypoxia, and impaired vascular remodeling in the hepatic fibrotic microenvironment due to ECM deposition have also been summarized. Finally, emerging nanotherapeutic approaches based on correlated signals were discussed in this review. We have proposed novel strategies such as engineered nanotherapeutics targeting antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or direct targeting T cells in liver fibrotic immunotherapy to be used in preventing liver fibrosis. In summary, this comprehensive review illustrated the opportunities in drug targeting and nanomedicine, and the current challenges to be addressed.© 2023. The Author(s).