树突状细胞（DCs）释放纳米级膜泡，称为Dexosomes，其中含有不同的分子，尤其是蛋白质，用于呈现抗原，即主要组织相容性复合物（MHC）-I / II和CD86。 Dexosomes可以直接和间接刺激抗原反应性CD8 +和CD4 + T细胞反应。负载抗原的Dexosomes可以导致强效的抗肿瘤免疫反应。值得注意的是，在免疫治疗时代，开发基于Dexosomes的无细胞疫苗可以作为一个新的疫苗平台。此外，将Dexosomes疫苗策略与其他治疗方法相结合，可以显著增加肿瘤特异性T细胞反应。本文旨在回顾Dexosomes如何与免疫细胞作用，例如CD4 +和CD8 + T细胞和自然杀伤（NK）细胞。此外，我们讨论了这种方法的局限性，并提出了改善其对患者有效性的潜在策略。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier B.V.出版。

Dendritic cells (DCs) release nanometer-sized membrane vesicles known as dexosomes, containing different molecules, particularly proteins, for presenting antigens, i.e., major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I/II and CD86. Dexosomes can, directly and indirectly, stimulate antigen-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses. Antigen-loaded dexosomes can lead to the development of potent anti-tumoral immune responses. Notably, developing dexosome-based cell-free vaccines could serve as a new vaccination platform in the era of immunotherapy for various cancers. Furthermore, combining dexosomes vaccination strategies with other treatment approaches can considerably increase tumor-specific T cell responses. Herein, we aimed to review how dexosomes interact with immune cells, e.g., CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Besides, we discussed the limitations of this approach and suggested potential strategies to improve its effectiveness for affected patients.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.