基于吸引人的优点，如较深的穿透深度、低自发荧光、良好的时空分辨率和高信号背景比，第二近红外窗口（NIR-II）荧光成像已成为常见选择。这将加速NIR-II成像引导下的药物传递(IGDD)范式的创新，促进肿瘤患者预后的提高。这项工作系统地回顾了近期NIR-II IGDD介导的癌症治疗近况，并将其实质集中展现给读者。我们特别关注其性能评估，根据其设计方法，如增强其药物负载和触发释放，设计固有和外在荧光染料，以及克服生物障碍等。此外，文中还更新了不同疗法（如化学、光动力、光热以及免疫、离子通道、气体疗法）和多个功能（如刺激响应性成像和治疗、监测药物释放和治疗反应）的最先进NIR-II IGDD平台。为进一步提高治疗效果和临床应用，我们总结了NIR-II IGDD平台的创新方向，包括肾脏可清除、可生物降解、亚细胞定位和/或余辉、化学发光和X射线激发的NIR-IGDD，甚至是细胞疗法。本文将推动NIR-II荧光介导的抗癌药物传递的安全和高效发展的新方向。Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Fluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) has become a prevalent choice owing to its appealing advantages like deep penetration depth, low autofluorescence, decent spatiotemporal resolution, and a high signal-to-background ratio. This would expedite the innovation of NIR-II imaging-guided drug delivery (IGDD) paradigms for the improvement of the prognosis of patients with tumors. This work systematically reviews the recent progress of such NIR-II IGDD-mediated cancer therapeutics and collectively brings its essence to the readers. Special care has been taken to assess their performances based on their design approach, such as enhancing their drug loading and triggering release, designing intrinsic and extrinsic fluorophores, and/ or overcoming biological barriers. Besides, the state-of-the-art NIR-II IGDD platforms for different therapies like chemo-, photodynamic, photothermal, chemodynamic, immuno-, ion channel, gas-therapies, and multiple functions such as stimulus-responsive imaging and therapy, and monitoring of drug release and therapeutic response, have been updated. In addition, for boosting theranostic outcomes and clinical translation, the innovation directions of NIR-II IGDD platforms are summarized, including renal-clearable, biodegradable, sub-cellular targeting, and/or afterglow, chemiluminescence, X-ray excitable NIR-IGDD, and even cell therapy. This review will propel new directions for safe and efficient NIR-II fluorescence-mediated anticancer drug delivery.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.