肝细胞癌和胆管癌是全球第四大致命主要肿瘤。因此，迫切需要治疗策略，包括免疫细胞靶向疗法。肝癌的异质性部分由肿瘤微环境（TME）的特征解释，其中自适应和先天免疫系统细胞是主要成分。原发性肝癌的开创性研究揭示了肿瘤浸润免疫细胞及其与癌细胞的动态相互作用对癌变有重要影响，对癌症免疫逃避和免疫疗法的反应起着重要作用。特别是，B细胞可能在TME中起到突出作用，并具有争议性的功能。在这项工作中，我们突出显示B淋巴细胞作为肿瘤浸润物对原发性肝癌的影响及其潜在的预后价值。我们还介绍了在TME中B细胞相互作用的关键途径，以及如何利用对B细胞生物学的全面表征来开发新型的基于免疫的治疗方法。

Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are the fourth most lethal primary cancers worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for therapeutic strategies, including immune cell targeting therapies. The heterogeneity of liver cancer is partially explained by the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where adaptive and innate immune system cells are the main components. Pioneering studies of primary liver cancers revealed that tumor-infiltrating immune cells and their dynamic interaction with cancer cells significantly impacted carcinogenesis, playing an important role in cancer immune evasion and responses to immunotherapy treatment. In particular, B cells may play a prominent role and have a controversial function in the TME. In this work, we highlight the effect of B lymphocytes as tumor infiltrates in relation to primary liver cancers and their potential prognostic value. We also present the key pathways underlying B-cell interactions within the TME, as well as the way that a comprehensive characterization of B-cell biology can be exploited to develop novel immune-based therapeutic approaches.