白血病是由骨髓中造血干细胞异常增殖引起的。总体上有四个亚型：急性淋巴细胞白血病、急性髓细胞白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病和慢性髓细胞白血病。急性淋巴细胞白血病主要发生在儿童中，而其他亚型在成年人中更为常见。风险因素包括特定的化学和电离辐射暴露以及遗传疾病。常见症状包括发烧、疲劳、体重减轻、关节疼痛和易于出现淤血或出血。通过骨髓活检或外周血涂片确认诊断。建议怀疑患有白血病的患者进行血液肿瘤学转诊。化疗、放射疗法、靶向分子疗法、单克隆抗体或造血干细胞移植是常见的治疗方法。治疗的并发症包括免疫抑制引起的严重感染、肿瘤溶解综合征、心血管事件和肝毒性。白血病幸存者的长期随访疾病包括继发性恶性肿瘤、心血管疾病以及骨骼肌肉和内分泌疾病。五年生存率在年龄较小的患者和慢性髓细胞白血病或慢性淋巴细胞白血病的诊断中最高。

Leukemia is caused by an abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. The four general subtypes are acute lymphoblastic, acute myelogenous, chronic lymphocytic, and chronic myelogenous. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia primarily occurs in children, whereas the other subtypes are more common in adults. Risk factors include certain chemical and ionizing radiation exposures and genetic disorders. Common symptoms include fever, fatigue, weight loss, joint pain, and easy bruising or bleeding. Diagnosis is confirmed with bone marrow biopsy or peripheral blood smear. Hematology-oncology referral is recommended in patients with suspected leukemia. Chemotherapy, radiation, targeted molecular therapy, monoclonal antibodies, or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are common treatments. Complications from treatment include serious infections from immunosuppression, tumor lysis syndrome, cardiovascular events, and hepatotoxicity. Long-term sequelae in leukemia survivors include secondary malignancies, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal and endocrine disorders. Five-year survival rates are highest in younger patients and those diagnosed with chronic myelogenous or chronic lymphocytic leukemia.