尽管有许多进展，但转移性疾病仍然基本上无法治愈。因此，迫切需要更好地了解促进转移、推动肿瘤进化以及基础和获得性药物抗性的机制。复杂肿瘤生态系统的复杂预临床模型是这一过程的关键。我们首先使用同基因和患者衍生的小鼠模型作为大多数临床前研究的基础。 第二，我们介绍一些鱼和果蝇模型的独特优势。第三，我们考虑3D细胞培养模型的优势，以解决仍然存在的知识缺口。最后，我们提供了有关多重技术的短片，以推进我们对转移性疾病的理解。

Despite many advances, metastatic disease remains essentially uncurable. Thus, there is an urgent need to better understand mechanisms that promote metastasis, drive tumor evolution, and underlie innate and acquired drug resistance. Sophisticated preclinical models that recapitulate the complex tumor ecosystem are key to this process. We begin with syngeneic and patient-derived mouse models that are the backbone of most preclinical studies. Second, we present some unique advantages of fish and fly models. Third, we consider the strengths of 3D culture models for resolving remaining knowledge gaps. Finally, we provide vignettes on multiplexed technologies to advance our understanding of metastatic disease.Published by Elsevier Inc.