COVID-19疫情增加了对安全有效疫苗的需求。研发针对包括中东呼吸综合症、埃博拉病毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒和各种癌症的疫苗，也将有助于全球福祉。要成功地研发疫苗，必须推进技术的发展，如抗原筛查、抗原递送系统和佐剂以及制造过程是至关重要的。不仅需要抗原递送系统传递足够量的抗原进行免疫接种，还需要增强免疫反应。此外，抗原类型和它们的递送系统确定了疫苗产品的制造过程。本文分析了各种抗原递送系统的特点：质粒、病毒载体、细菌载体、纳米颗粒、自组装颗粒、天然和人工细胞以及细胞外囊泡。这篇综述提供了对当前疫苗领域的洞见，并强调了开发和改进抗原递送系统的有前途的研究方向。

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased demand for safe and effective vaccines. Research to develop vaccines against diseases including Middle East respiratory syndrome, Ebolavirus, human immunodeficiency virus, and various cancers would also contribute to global well-being. For successful vaccine development, the advancement of technologies such as antigen (Ag) screening, Ag delivery systems and adjuvants, and manufacturing processes is essential. Ag delivery systems are required not only to deliver a sufficient amount of Ag for vaccination, but also to enhance immune response. In addition, Ag types and their delivery systems determine the manufacturing processes of the vaccine product. Here, we analyze the characteristics of various Ag delivery systems: plasmids, viral vectors, bacterial vectors, nanoparticles, self-assembled particles, natural and artificial cells, and extracellular vesicles. This review provides insight into the current vaccine landscape and highlights promising avenues of research for the development and improvement of Ag delivery systems.