现今，临床医生面临的主要挑战之一是恶性肿瘤。近年来技术进步使得肿瘤性质和肿瘤微环境（TME）能更好地被了解。由于免疫系统参与了肿瘤发生和免疫细胞在肿瘤微环境中的功能障碍，患者治疗和正常功能恢复对临床医生构成重大挑战。肿瘤微环境可以阻止肿瘤特异性辅助和细胞毒性T细胞在肿瘤侵袭过程中的发展。肿瘤刺激产生促炎症和免疫抑制因子和细胞，抑制免疫反应。尽管当前癌症治疗方法包括手术、化疗和放疗的成功率更高，但不能有效彻底根治肿瘤。因此，开发新的治疗策略，如单克隆抗体、适应性细胞疗法、癌症疫苗、检查点抑制剂和细胞因子有助于改善癌症治疗。在适应性细胞疗法中，免疫系统与恶性肿瘤之间的相互作用和使用分子生物学引领了嵌合抗原受体（CAR）T细胞疗法的发展。经修饰的CAR免疫细胞是现代癌症治疗方法之一，在大多数血液恶性肿瘤和实体肿瘤中具有令人鼓舞的效果。本研究旨在讨论CAR免疫细胞在血液恶性肿瘤和实体肿瘤中的结构、形成、亚型和应用。© 2023. 作者授权Springer Science+Business Media，LLC，属于Springer Nature独家许可。

Nowadays, one of the main challenges clinicians face is malignancies. Through the progression of technology in recent years, tumor nature and tumor microenvironment (TME) can be better understood. Because of immune system involvement in tumorigenesis and immune cell dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment, clinicians encounter significant challenges in patient treatment and normal function recovery. The tumor microenvironment can stop the development of tumor antigen-specific helper and cytotoxic T cells in the tumor invasion process. Tumors stimulate the production of proinflammatory and immunosuppressive factors and cells that inhibit immune responses. Despite the more successful outcomes, the current cancer therapeutic approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, have not been effective enough for tumor eradication. Hence, developing new treatment strategies such as monoclonal antibodies, adaptive cell therapies, cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and cytokines helps improve cancer treatment. Among adoptive cell therapies, the interaction between the immune system and malignancies and using molecular biology led to the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. CAR-modified immune cells are one of the modern cancer therapeutic methods with encouraging outcomes in most hematological and solid cancers. The current study aimed to discuss the structure, formation, subtypes, and application of CAR immune cells in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.