甲状腺激素对肾脏生长和发育至关重要。肾脏不仅是甲状腺激素代谢的器官，也是甲状腺激素的靶器官。肾脏疾病是一种常见的肾脏损伤类型，主要包括不同类型的急性肾损伤、慢性肾病、糖尿病肾病、狼疮性肾炎和肾细胞癌。肾脏经常遭受针对其抗原或全身性免疫反应的免疫攻击而受损。先天性和适应性免疫系统中的各种免疫细胞，包括中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞，对于维持免疫稳态和预防自身免疫性肾脏疾病至关重要。近期研究发现，甲状腺激素在不同肾脏疾病的免疫微环境中发挥着不可或缺的作用。甲状腺激素可以调节中性粒细胞的活性，树突状细胞表达三碘甲状腺原氨酸受体。与甲状腺功能减退症相比，甲状腺功能亢进对中性粒细胞的影响更大。此外，在适应性免疫系统中，甲状腺激素可能通过介导NF-κB、蛋白激酶C信号通路和β-肾上腺素受体等多种潜在机制来激活T淋巴细胞，从而导致T淋巴细胞的激活增加。本综述讨论了甲状腺激素代谢调节在免疫微环境中对各种免疫细胞，特别是中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞、T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞的影响。虽然目前还没有足够的数据来确定这些发现的临床相关性，但甲状腺激素代谢可能通过调节肾脏免疫微环境影响自身免疫性肾脏疾病。版权所有 © 2023 Elsevier B.V.

Thyroid hormones are essential for proper kidney growth and development. The kidney is not only the organ of thyroid hormone metabolism but also the target organ of thyroid hormone. Kidney disease is a common type of kidney damage, mainly including different types of acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis, and renal cell carcinoma. The kidney is often damaged by an immune response directed against its antigens or a systemic immune response. A variety of immune cells in the innate and adaptive immune systems, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes, is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune kidney disease. Recent studies have found that thyroid hormone plays an indispensable role in the immune microenvironment of various kidney diseases. Thyroid hormones regulate the activity of neutrophils, and dendritic cells express triiodothyronine receptors. Compared to hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism has a greater effect on neutrophils. Furthermore, in adaptive immune systems, thyroid hormone may activate T lymphocytes through several underlying mechanisms, such as mediating NF-κB, protein kinase C signalling pathways, and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to increased T lymphocyte activation. The present review discusses the effects of thyroid hormone metabolism regulation in the immune microenvironment on the function of various immune cells, especially neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes. Although there are not enough data at this stage to conclude the clinical relevance of these findings, thyroid hormone metabolism may influence autoimmune kidney disease by regulating the renal immune microenvironment.Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.