塑料已经使用了大约100年，由塑料组成的日常用品现在很普遍。因此，人类很容易暴露于从日常用品塑料中生成的塑料颗粒中。然而，关于“人类细胞”中纳米塑料的细胞摄取的研究只是最近才开始引起关注。在以前的研究中，对纳米塑料和微塑料的定义模糊，但最近开始将它们视为不同的东西并分别研究。然而，与其他大小的塑料颗粒（如巨型和微型塑料）不同，纳米塑料可以被人类细胞吸收，因此可能引起细胞毒性、炎症、氧化应激，甚至引发癌症、糖尿病等各种风险 (Fan等，2022;Wang等，2023)。因此，在本综述中，我们将微塑料和纳米塑料定义为不同，并根据它们的不同因素描述了细胞摄取引起人类潜在风险的情况。此外，在使用和后续过程中，各种尺寸的碎片都可能产生，包括纳米塑料。微塑料转化为纳米塑料也可能在摄入和吸入过程中发生，这可能会对人类健康造成长期危害。然而，关于纳米塑料摄入和吸入的健康效应仍缺乏实际研究。版权所有©2023由Elsevier Ltd.出版。

Plastics have been used for about 100 years, and daily-use products composed of plastics are now prevalent. As a result, humans are very easily exposed to the plastic particles generated from the daily-use plastics. However, studies on cellular uptake of nanoplastics in "human cells" have only recently begun to attract attention. In previous studies, definitions of nanoplastics and microplastics were vague, but recently, they have been considered to be different and are being studied separately. However, nanoplastics, unlike plastic particles of other sizes such as macro- and microplastics, can be absorbed by human cells, and thus can cause various risks such as cytotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and even diseases such as cancer82, 83. and diabetes (Fan et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023). Thus, in this review, we defined microplastics and nanoplastics to be different and described the potential risks of nanoplastics to human caused by cellular uptake according to their diverse factors. In addition, during and following plastic product usage a substantial number of fragments of different sizes can be generated, including nanoplastics. Fragmentation of microplastics into nanoplastics may also occur during ingestion and inhalation, which can potentially cause long-term hazards to human health. However, there are still few in vivo studies conducted on the health effect of nanoplastics ingestion and inhalation.Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.